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Greece A - F
 | Abolla "A woolen cloak which was probably only a varied form of pallium." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Acanthus Coin of the city of Acanthus. |
 | Accubation "The act of lying or reclining; specifically, the ancient practice,derived from the Orient, of eating meals in a recumbent position."-Whitney, 1902 |
 | Aegina Coin from the city of Aegina. |
 | Aeginetan Marbles Man waring Ocreae, or greaves. (From the Aeginetan Marbles) |
 | Aeneas and Ascanius "The following cut, taken from one of Sir W. Hamilton's fictile vases, and representing Aeneas followed by Ascanius, and carrying off his father Anchises, who holds the sceptre in his right hand, shows its form as worn by kinds." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Aeschines "Aeschines owes the perpetuity of his fame to the fact he was the only rival of Demosthenes. He was five years older than the great orator, being born in 389 B.C. In early life he served as a soldier, then as a public clerk, and afterwards undertook the role of an actor." — The Delphian Society, 1913 |
 | Alexander "Sarcophagus of Alexander (So-called)" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Coin of Alexander the Great "Coin of Alexander the Great. Alexander, at the time of his father's death, was in his twentieth year, having been born in B.C. 356." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Alexandrian "Greeks of the Alexandrian Period." — Quackenbos, 1882 |
 | Amphipolis Coin of the Greek city of Amphipolis. |
 | Amphora Filling an amphora. |
 | Amphora Three Greek amphorae. |
 | Amphyx "Amphyces, Frontlets. A frontal, a broad band or plate of metal, which ladies of rank wore above the forehead as part of the head-dress. The frontal of a horse was called by the same name. The annexed cut exhibits the frontal on the head of Pegasus, in conrast with the corresponding ornament as shown on the heads of two females." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Ampyx "Examples of Greek Head-dresses (Ampyxes)."-Whitney, 1902 |
 | Anacreon "Though Anacreon has been famous as the poet of wine and love, few geniune fragments of his songs have come down to us. Those which pass under his name belong to his Greek imitators in later times. Specimens are given here in relief after the prosing of historians and philosophers." — The Delphian Society, 1913 |
 | Antiochus "Antiochus III. (Coin)" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Antiochus Epiphanes Medal of Antiochus Epiphanes. |
 | Aphractus "Called also navis aperta, a ship which had no deck but was merely covered with planks in the front and hinder part, as is represented in the following cut. The ships which had decks were called cataphracti. At the time of the Trojan war the Greek ships had no decks, but were only covered over in the prow and stern." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Aplustre "An ornament of wooden planks, which constituted the highest part of the poop of a ship. From the representations of two ancient ships annexed, we see the position of the aplustre. It rose immediately behind the gubernator, who held the rudder and guided the ship, and it served in some degree to protect him from the wind and the rain." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Aplustria Greek aplustria, or stern ornament. |
 | Ara "An alter. Ara was a general term denoting any structure elevated aove the ground, and used to receive upon it offerings made to the gods. Altare, probably contracted from alta ara, was properly restricted to the larger, higher, and more expensive structures. The two specimens shown here are square." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Ara "An alter. Ara was a general term denoting any structure elevated aove the ground, and used to receive upon it offerings made to the gods. Altare, probably contracted from alta ara, was properly restricted to the larger, higher, and more expensive structures." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Arcus "The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. This image shows the Scythian or Parthian bow unstrung." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Arcus "The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. This image shows the usual form of the Grecian bow, which had a double curvature, consisting of two circular portions united by the handle. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Arcus "The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented. This image shows a drawing the bow." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Founding of Argos "Navigation for the purpose of commerce, and the art of writing, are said to have originated with the Phoenicians. On their arrival in Greece, Inachus and his friends founded the city of Argos, at the head of what is now called the Gulf of Napoli, in the Peloponnesus." — Goodrich, 1844 |
 | Aries "The battering-ram, was used to batter down the walls of besieged cities. It consisted of a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, especially of a fir or an ash. To one end was fastened a mass of bronze or iron, which resembled in its form the head of a ram. The upper figure in the annexed cut shows the aries in its simplest state, and as it was borne and impelled by human hands, without other assistance. In an improced form, the ram was surrounded with iron bands, to which rings were attached for the purpose of suspending it by ropes or chains from a beam fixed transversel over it. " — Smith, 1873 |
 | Arma "Homer describes in various passages an entire suit of armour, and we observe that it consisted of the same portions which were used by the Greek soldiers ever after. Moreover, the order of putting them on is always the same. The heavy-armed warrior, having already a tunic around his body, and preparing for combat, puts on-1. his greaves; 2. his cuirass; 3. his sword, hung on the left side of his body by means of a belt which passed over the right shoulder; 4. the large round shield, supported in the same manner; 5. his helmet; 6. he took his spear." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Ascia "An adze. Muratori has published numerous representations of the adze, as it is exhibited on ancient monuments. We select the three following, two of which show the instrument itself, with a slight variety of form, while the third represents a ship-builder holding it in his right hand, and using it to shape the rib of a vessel." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Temple of Asklepios The temple of Asklepios. |
 | Athena and Argo "Athena (Minerva) superintending the building of the Argo." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Athens Coin of Athens. |
 | Athens "Athens, in the time of Pericles."—Colby, 1899 |
 | Athens Harbor "The Piraeus or Harbor of Athens."—Colby, 1899 |
 | Coin of Athens "Coin of Athens." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Atramentum "A term applicable to any black colouring substance, for whatever purpose it may be used, like the melan of the Greeks. There were, however, thress principal kinds of atramentum: one called librarium or scriptorium, writing-ink; another called sutorium, which was used by the showmakers for dyeing leather; the third tectorium or pictorium, which was used by painters for some purposes, apparently as a sort of varnish. The inks of the ancients seem to have been more durable than our own; they were thicker and more unctuous, in substance and durability more resembling the ink now used by printers. An inkstand was discovered at Herculaneum, containing ink as thick as oil, and still usable rfor writing. The following cur represents inkstands found at Pompeii." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Attic_Drachma "Attic Drachma" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Auletris "Auletris.- Performer on the double flute or diaulos. (From a Greek red-figured vase; 5th century B.C.)"-Whitney, 1902. |
 | Aurum "Gold appears not to have been coined at Athens till the time of the Macedonian empire, with the exception a solitary issue of a debased coinage in 407. But from a very early period the Asian nations, and he Greek cities of Asia Minor and the adjacent islands, possessed a gold coinage, which was more or less current in Greece. Herodotus says that the Lydians were the first who coined gold; and the stater of Croesus appears to have been the earliest gold coin known to the Greeks. The dario was a Persian coin. Staters of Cyzicus and Phocaea had a considerable currency in Greece. There was a gold coinage in Samos as early as the time of Polycrates." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Ancient bows "Represents two forms of the bow; the upper, the Scythian or Parthian bow enstrung, agreeing with the form of that now used by the Tartars, the lower, the ordinary bow, like the one mentioned in the text." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Boxing "The Olympic games were of greater efficacy than the Amphictyonic Council in promoting the spirit of union among the various branches of the Greek race, and in keeping alive a feeling of their common origin. They were open to all persons who could prove their Hellenic blood, and were frequented by spectators from all parts of the Grecian world. They were celebrated at Olympia, on the banks of the alpheus, in the territory of Elis." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Bracae "Trowsers, pantaloons, were common to all the nations which encircled the Greek and Roman population, extending from the Indian to the Atlantic ocean, but were not worn by the Greeks and Romans themselves. Accordingly the monuments containing representations of people different from the Greeks and romans exhibit them in trowsers, thus distinguishing them from the latter people. An example is seen in the preceding group of Sarmatians." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Bracelet A Greek bracelet |
 | Circular bread "The loaves of the ancients were generally circular, and more or less flat. The following cut represents some found in a bakehouse at Pompeii." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Bronze Figure "Bronze figure, originally applied a relief. Found at Tarentum. Apparently in the style of Lysippus." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893 |
 | Bronze Statuette "Bronze statuette, from Athens." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893 |
 | Buccina "A kind of horn trumpet, anciently made out of a shell, the form of which is exhibited in the two specimens annexed. In the former it is curved for the convenience of the performer with a very wide mouth, to diffuse and increase the sound. In the next, it still retains the original form of the shell. The buccina was distinct from the cornu; but it is often confounded with it. The buccina seems to have been chiefly distinguished by the twisted form of a shell from which it is originally made. In later times it was carved from horn, and perhaps from wood or metal, so as to imitate the shell. The buccina was chiefly used to proclaim the watches of the day and of the night, hence called buccina prima, secunda. It was also blown at funerals, and at festive entertainments both before sitting down to table and after." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Curved buccina "The buccina is curved for the convenience of the performer, with a very wide mouth, to diffuse and increase the sound." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Straight buccina "A copy of an ancient sculpture taken from Blanchini's work, it still retains the original form of the shell." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Calathus "Usually signified the basket in which women placed their work, and especially the materials for spinning. In the following cut a slave, belonging to the class called quasillariae, is presenting her mistress with the calathus. Baskets of this kind were also used for other purposes, such as for carrying fruits and flowers. The name of calathi was also given to cups for holding wine. Calathus was properly a Greek word, though used by the Latin writers. The Latin word corresponding to it was qualus or quasillus. From quasillus came suasillaria, the name of the slave who spun, and who was considered the meanest of the female slaves." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Calathus "A slave, belonging to the class quasillariae, is presenting her misteress with the calathus, in which the wool is kept for embroidery." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Calceus "A shoe or boot, anything adapted to cover and preserve the feet in walking. The use of shoes was by no means universal amount the Greeks and Romans. The Homeric heroes are represented without shoes when armed for battle. Socrates, Phocion, and Cato, frequently went barefoot. The Roman slaves had no shoes. the covering of the feet was removed before reclining at meals. People in grief, as for instance at funerals, frequently went barefooted. Shoes may be divided into those in which the mere sole of a shoe was attached to the sole of the foot by ties or bands, or by a covering for the toes or the instep; and those which ascended hgher and higher, according as they covered the ankles, the calf, or the whole of the leg. To calceamenta of the latter kind, i.e. to shoes and boots, as distinguished from sandals and slippers, the term calceus was applied in its proper and restricted sense." — Smith, 1873; This image shows Calcei, Women's Shoes. |
 | Canephoros "A virgin who carried a flat circular basket at sacrifices, in which the chaplet of flowers, the knife to slay the victim, and sometimes the frankincense were deposited. The name, however, was more particularly applied to two virgins of the first Athenian families whowere appointed to officiate as canephori at the Panathenaea. The preceding cut represents the to canephori approaching a candelabrum. Each of hem elevates one arm to support the basket while she slightly raises her tunic with the other." — Smith, 1873; |
 | Carchesium "The carchesium was a beaker, or drinking-cup, which was used by the Greeks in very early times. It was slightly contracted in the middle, and its two handles extended from the top to the bottom. It was much employed in libations of wine, milk, blood, and honey." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Ceres She was the mother of Proserpine and according to some phases of the myth of Bachus. |
 | Cestus "The thongs or bands of leather, which were tied round the hands of boxers, in order to render their blows more powerful. The cestus was used by boxers in the earliest times, and is mentioned in he Iliad; but in the heroic times it consisted merely of thongs of leather, and differed from the cestos used in later times in the public games, which was a most formidable weapon, being frequently covered with knots and nails, and loaded with lead and iron." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Chariot "Arms and a chariot are here assigned to June through not properly a warlike goddess. The idea itself, of giving such appendages to Diety, seems borrowed from the habits of the heroic age. The following delineation of a chariot is from an ancient one preserved in the Vatican; Hoc regnum dea etc." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Greek chariot "In the battles, as depicted by Homer, the chiefs are the only important combatants, while the people are an almost useless mass, frequently put to rout by the prowess of a single hero. The chief is mounted in a war chariot, and stands by the side of his charioteer, who is frequently a friend." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Chariot-race "The chariot-race." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Chiton A tunic garmet usually worn by both men and women among the ancient greeks. |
 | Chlamys "The chlamys was a species of cloak or scarf, oblong instead of square, its length being generally about twice its breadth." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Cicero "Marcus Tullius Cicero." — Quackenbos, 1882 |
 | Cista "A small box or chest, in which anything might be placed, but more particularly applied to the small boxes which were carried in procession in the festivals of Ceres and Bacchus. These boxes, which were always kept closed in the public processions, contained sacred things connected with the worship of these deities. In the representations of Dionysiac processions of ancient vases, women carrying cistae are frequently introduced. The cista was also the name of the ballotbox, into which those who voted in the comitia and in the courts of justice cast their tabellae." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Cistophorus The front of a Greek silver coin weighing on the average around 193 grains, first issued by the kings of Pergamum, probably in the second century B.C. |
 | Cistophorus The back of a Greek silver coin weighing on the average around 193 grains, first issued by the kings of Pergamum, probably in the second century B.C. |
 | Citadel Plan of the Citadel of Mycenae |
 | Ancient clasps "The following cut will show specimens of ancient clasps." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Clavis "A key. The key was used in very early times, and was probably introduced into Greece from Egypt; although Eustathius states, that in early times all fastenings were made by chains, and that keys were comparatively of a much later invention, which invention he attributes to the Laconians. We have no evidence respecting the materials of which the Greeks made their keys, but among te Romans the larger and coarser sort were made of iron. Those discovered at Pompeii and elsewhere are mostly of bronze. The annexed woodcut represents a key found at Pompeii, the size of which indicated that it was used as a door key." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Clipeus "The large shield worn by the Greeks and Romans, which was originally of the circular form, and is said to have been first used by Proetus and Acrisius or Argos, and therefore is called clipeus Argolicus, and likened to the sun. But the clipeus is often represented in Roman sculpture of an oblong oval, which makes the distinction between the common buckler and that of Argos." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Clipeus "The large shield worn by the Greeks and Romans, which was originally of the circular form, and is said to have been first used by Proetus and Acrisius or Argos, and therefore is called clipeus Argolicus, and likened to the sun. But the clipeus is often represented in Roman sculpture of an oblong oval, which makes the distinction between the common buckler and that of Argos." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Coin of Rhodes This illustration shows currency from the ancient city of Rhodes. |
 | Ancient coin An old coin, with a man's head on one face, and a man harvesting grain on the other. |
 | Greek coin A Greek coin, with an elderly man on it. |
 | Comedy_Masks "Masks used in Comedy" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Corcyra_Coin "Coin of Corcyra" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Cornu "A wind instrument, anciently made of horn, but afterwards of brass. Like the tuba, it differed from the tibia in being a larger and more powerful instrument, and from the tuba itself, in being curved nearly in the shape of a C, with a cross-piece to steady the instrument for the convenience of the performer. It had no stopples or plugs to adjust the scale to any particular mode; the entire series of notes was produced without keys or holes, by the modification of the breath and of the lips at the mouth-piece. The classicum, which originally meant a signal, rather than the musical instrument which gave the signal, was usually sounded with the cornu." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Cothurnus "The cothurnus or buskin, rose above the midddle of the leg so as to surround the calf (sura), and sometimes reached as high as the knees. It was laced in front, and the object in so doing was to make it fit the leg as closely as possible. The skin or leather of which it was made was dyed purple, or of other splendid colours. The cothurnus was worn principally by horsemen, hunters, and men of rank and authority. The accompanying woodcut shows two cothurni, from the statues in the Museo Pio-Clementino. That on the left hand is from a statue of Diana Succincta, that on the right from one of the goddess Roma." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Crete_Writings "Prehistoric Writing from Crete" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Olive crown "From a medal of Lepidus, represents an olive crown." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Isthmian crowns "The Nemian and Isthmian games occurred more frequently than the Olympic and Pythian. They were celebrated once in two years, the Nemian in the valley of Nemea between Phlius and Cleonae, and the Isthmian by the Corinthians, on their isthmus, in honour of Poseidon (Neptune)." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Greek Cuirass Cup of Sosias, 5th century B.C. |
 | Culter "A knife with only one edge, which formed a straight line. The blade was pointed, and its back curved. It was used for a variety of purposes, but chiefly for killing animals either in the slaughter house, or in hunting, or at the altars of the gods. The priest who conducted a sacrifice never killed the victim himself; but one of his ministri, appointed for that purpose who was called either by the general name minister, or the more specific popa or cltrarius. The annexed woodcut represents the tombstone of a cultrarius, with two cultri upon it." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Tombstone of a cultrarius "The preceding cut represents the tombstone of a cultrarius, or the individual who slew the victim at the altar, and upon it two cultri/i>, or sacrificial knives." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Cuneiform "An Inscription in Cuneiform Characters" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Cyathus "A Greek and Roman liquid measure, containing one-twelfth of the sextarius, or .0825 of a pint English. The form of the cyathus used at banquets was that of a small ladle, by means of which the wine was conveyed into the drinking-cups from the large vessel in which it was mixed. Two of these cyathi are represented in this following woodcut." — Smith, 1873. |
 | Cyathus "The crater was a vessel in which the wine, according to the custom of the ancients, who very seldom drank it pure, was mixed with water, and from which the cups were filled. The liquid was conveyed from the crater into the drinking-cups by means of a cyathus, or small ladle." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Damareteion The coin was first struck in commemoration of the gold crown sent by the Carthagininians to Demarete. Weighs about 43 grams. |
 | Damareteion The coin was first struck in commemoration of the gold crown sent by the Carthagininians to Demarete. Weighs about 43 grams. |
 | Diadem "Diadem from Mycenae" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Dionysus_Seat "Seat of the Priest of Dionysus" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Drachma "The principal silver coin among the Greeks. The two chief standards in the currencies of the Greek states were the Attic and Aeginetan." — Smith, 1873. This image shows Attic Drachma. |
 | Drachma "The principal silver coin among the Greeks. The two chief standards in the currencies of the Greek states were the Attic and Aeginetan." — Smith, 1873. This image shows Aeginetan Drachma. |
 | Egg-and-Dart Motive The evolution of the egg-and-dart motive. |
 | Encased Coin "The surrounding of the punchmark with a band bearing a name, and the introduction of a head in its center, gradually led to the perfect reverse. There is a remarkable series of so-called 'encased' coins struck in Magna Graecia, of which the reverse is an exact repition in concave of the relief of the obverse." — Chambers, 1881 |
 | Ephippia An embroidered housing. |
 | Eretria_Coin "Coin of Eretria" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Fort Euryalus "View of the Fort Euryalus at Syracuse." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Ensis falcatus Four representations of men with ensis falcati. |
 | Falx "A sickle; a scythe; a pruning knife or pruning hook; a bill; a falchion; a halbert. As culter denoted a knife with one straight edge, falx signified any simpiliar instrument the single edge of which was curved. By additional epithets the various uses of the falx were indicted. Thus the sickle, because it was used by reapers, was called falx messoria; the scythe, which was employed in mowing hay, was called falx famaria. A rare coin published by Pellerin, shows the head of one of the Lagida, kings of Egypt, wearing the Diadema, and, on the reverse, a man cutting down corn with a sickle. The lower figure is taken from the MSS. of Columelia, and represents a falx vinitoria, or pruning knife of a vinedresser." — Smith, 1873. |
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