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Greece P - Z
 | Pileus "Any piece of felt; more especially, a skull-cap of felt, a hat. These seems no reason to doubt that felting is a more ancient invention than weaving, not that both of these arts came into Europe from Asia. From the Greeks, who were acquainted with this article as early as the age of Homer, the use of felt passed together with its name to the Romans. Its principal use was to make coverings of the head for the male sex, and the most common one was a simple skull-cap." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Plaustrum "A cart or wagon. It had commonly two wheels, but sometimes four, and it was then called the plaustrum majus. Besides the wheels and axle the plaustrum consisted of a strong pole (temo), to the hinder part of which was fastened a table of wooden planks. The blocks of stone, or other things to be carried, were either laid upon this table without any other support, or an additional security was obtained by the use either of boards at the sides, or of a large wicker basket tied upon the cart. The annexed cut exhibits a cart, the body of which is supplied by a basket. The commonest kind of cart-wheel was that called tympanum, the "drum," from its resemblance to the musical instrument of the same name. It was nearly a foot in thickness, and was made either by sawing the trunk of a tree across in a horizontal direction, or by nailing together boards of the requisite shape and size. These wheels advanced slowly, and made a loud creaking, which was heard to a great distance." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Priam This illustration shows the Death of Priam, by Benvenuto. |
 | Panathenaic procession "From the Frieze of the Parthenon." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Pugio "A dagger; a two-edged knife, commonly of bronze, with the handle in many cases variously ornamented or enriched." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Puteal "Puteal, properly means the enclosure surrounding the opening of a well, to protect persons from falling into it. It was either round or square, and seems usually to have been of the height of three or four feet from the ground. It was the practice in some cases to surround a sacred place with an enclosure open at the top, and such enclosres, from the great similarity they bore to putealia, were called by this name. there were two such places in the Roman forum; one of these was called Puteal Libonis or Scribonianum, because a chapel in that place had been struck by lightning, and Scribonius Libo expiated it by proper ceremonies, and erected a puteal around it, open at the top, to preserve the memory of the place. The form of the puteal is preserved on several coins of the Scribonian gens. This puteal seems to have been near the atrium of Vesta, and was a common place of meeting for usurers. The other puteal was in the comitium, on the left side of the senate-house, and in it were deposited the whetstone and razor of Attus Navius." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Pyxis "A casket, a jewel-box. Quintilian produces this term as an example of catachresis, because it properly denoted that which was made of box, but was applied to things of similar form and use made of any other material. In fact, the caskets in which the ladies of ancient times kept their jewels and other ornaments, were made of gold, silver, ivory, mother of pearl, tortoise shell, etc. They were also much enriched with sculpture. A silver coffer, two feet long, one and a half wide, and one deep, most elaborately adorned with figures in bar-relief, is described by Bottiger. The annexed woodcut, from the antique, represents a plain jewel-box, out of which a dove is extracting a riband or fillet." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Race Course "The race course at Sparta."—Colby, 1899 |
 | Battering ram "The battering ram was a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, and having a mass of bronze or iron fastened to one end, and resembling a ram's head. This shape, as well as its name, was given to the engine in question, on account of the resemblence of its mode of action to that of a ram butting with its forehead. In an improved form, the ram was surrounded with iron bands, to which rings were attached for the purpose of suspending it by ropes or chains to a beam fixed transversely over it. See the lower figure." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Retis "A net. In hunting it was usual to extend nets in a curved line of considerable length, so as in part to suround a space into which the beasts of chase were driven through the opening left on one side. The range of nets was flanked by cords, to which feathers dyed scarlet, and of other bright colours, were tied, so as to flare and flutter in the wind. The hunters then sallied forth with their dogs, dislodged the animals from their coverts, and by shouts and barking drove them first within the formido, as the apparatus of string and feathers was called, and then, as they were scared with this appearance, within the circuit of the nets. The accompanying woodcuts are taken from two bas-reliefs in the collection of ancient marbles at Ince-Blundell in Lancashire." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Retis "In this woodcut, two men are carrying the net home after the chase, and hold in their hands two of the forked stakes for supporting it." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Colossus at Rhodes Colossus at Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the World |
 | Rondache A buckler, or small round shield. |
 | Salatio "Dancing. The dancing of the Greeks as well as of the Romans had very little in common with the exercise which goes by that name in modern times. It may be divided into two kinds, gymnastic and mimetic; that is, it was intended either to represent bodily activity, or to express by gestures, movements, and attitudes, certain ideas or feelings, and also single events or a series of events, as in the modern ballet. All these movements, however, were accompanied by music; but the term saltatio was used in a so much wider sense than our word dancing, that they applied to disignate gestures, even when the body did not move at all. We find dancing prevalent among the Greeks from the earliest times. It was originally closely connected with religion. In all the public festivals, which were so numerous among the Greeks, dancing formed a very prominent part. We find from the earliest times that the worship of Apollo was connected with a religious dance, called Hyporchema. All the religious dances, with the exception of the bacchic and the Corybantian, were very simple, and consisted of gentle movements of the body, with various turnings and windings around the altar; such a dance was the Geranus, which Theseus is said to have performed at Delos on his return from Crete." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Salatio "Dancing. The dancing of the Greeks as well as of the Romans had very little in common with the exercise which goes by that name in modern times. It may be divided into two kinds, gymnastic and mimetic; that is, it was intended either to represent bodily activity, or to express by gestures, movements, and attitudes, certain ideas or feelings, and also single events or a series of events, as in the modern ballet. All these movements, however, were accompanied by music; but the term saltatio was used in a so much wider sense than our word dancing, that they applied to disignate gestures, even when the body did not move at all. We find dancing prevalent among the Greeks from the earliest times. It was originally closely connected with religion. In all the public festivals, which were so numerous among the Greeks, dancing formed a very prominent part. We find from the earliest times that the worship of Apollo was connected with a religious dance, called Hyporchema. All the religious dances, with the exception of the bacchic and the Corybantian, were very simple, and consisted of gentle movements of the body, with various turnings and windings around the altar; such a dance was the Geranus, which Theseus is said to have performed at Delos on his return from Crete." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Salatio "Dancing. The dancing of the Greeks as well as of the Romans had very little in common with the exercise which goes by that name in modern times. It may be divided into two kinds, gymnastic and mimetic; that is, it was intended either to represent bodily activity, or to express by gestures, movements, and attitudes, certain ideas or feelings, and also single events or a series of events, as in the modern ballet. All these movements, however, were accompanied by music; but the term saltatio was used in a so much wider sense than our word dancing, that they applied to disignate gestures, even when the body did not move at all. We find dancing prevalent among the Greeks from the earliest times. It was originally closely connected with religion. In all the public festivals, which were so numerous among the Greeks, dancing formed a very prominent part. We find from the earliest times that the worship of Apollo was connected with a religious dance, called Hyporchema. All the religious dances, with the exception of the bacchic and the Corybantian, were very simple, and consisted of gentle movements of the body, with various turnings and windings around the altar; such a dance was the Geranus, which Theseus is said to have performed at Delos on his return from Crete." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Victory of Samothreace A Greek statue. |
 | Sappho A group of women, with a lyre and wreath. |
 | Sceptrum "Sceptrum, which originally denoted a simple staff or walking stick, was emblematic of station and authority. In ancient authors the sceptre is represented as belonging more especially to kings, princes, and leaders of tribes: but it is also borne by judges, by heralds, and by priests and seers. The sceptre descended from father to son, and might be committed to any one in order to express the transfer of authority. Those who bore the sceptre swore by it, solemnly taking it in the right hand and raising it towards heaven. The following cut, representing Aeneas followed by Ascanius and carrying off his father Anchises, who holds the sceptre in his right hand, shows its form as worn by kings. The ivory sceptre of the kings of Rome, which descended to the consuls, was surmounted by an eagle." — Smith, 1873 |
 | School An Athenian youth, studying |
 | Greek school "Greek school - from a vase painting." — The Delphian Society, 1913 |
 | Sculpture and coins "The figure in the middle of the following illustration is from a most ancient specimen of Etruscan sculpture, and represents an augur with his lituus, or staff. The others are Roman denarii." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Coin of Seleucus "Coin of Seleucus." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Siren In Greek legends, the sea nymphs that were seated on the island of the Sirens, off the southwest coast of Italy. |
 | Sling Greek soldier with sling. |
 | Soccus "Soccus was nearly if not altogether equivalent in meaning to Crepida, and denoted a slipper or low shoe, which did not fit closely, and was not fastened by any tie. The Soccus was worn by comic actors and was in this respect opposed to the Cothurnus. The preceding cut represents a buffoon, who is dancing in slippers." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Greek soldier "Greek Soldier. (From an ancient Vase.)" — Smith, 1882 |
 | Greek soldier "The early Greeks used a very short sword, as may be seen from the preceding cut. The ancient Homeric sword had generally a straight, two-edged blade, rather broad, and nearly of equal width from hilt to point." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Greek soldier An ancient Greek soldier. |
 | Fallen soldier "Figure of a fallen warrior, represented among the sculptures now at Munich, belonging to the temple in Aegina. In consequence of the bending of the knees, the greaves are seen to project a little above them. The statue also shows very distinctly the ankle-rings." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Solons Tablets "Solon's Tablets." — Quackenbos, 1882 |
 | Speculum "Speculum, a mirror, a looking-glass. The looking-glasses of the ancients were usually made of metal, at first of a composition of tin and copper, but afterwards more frequently of silver. The ancients seem to have had glass mirrors also like ours, consisting of a glass plate covered at the back with a thin leaf of metal. They were manufactured as early as the time of Pliny at the celebrated glass-houses at Sidon, but they must have been inferior to those of metal, since they never came into general use, and are never mentioned by ancient writers among costly pieces of furniture, whereas metal mirrors frequently are. Looking-glasses were generally small, and such as could by carried in the hand. Instead of their being fixed so as to be hung against the wall or to stand upon the table or floor, they were generally held by female slaves before their mistresses when dressing. The general form of looking-glasses is shown in the following wood-cut." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Stilus "Stilus or Stylus conveys the general idea of an object tapering like an architectural column. It signifies: 1. An iron instrument, resembling a pencil in size and shape, used for writing upon waxed tablets. At one end it was sharpened to a point for scratching the characters upon the wax, while the other end, being flat and circular, served to render the surface of the tablets smooth again, and so to obliterate what had been written. Thus, vertere stilum means to erase, and hence to correct. The stylus was also termed graphium, and the case in which it was kept graphiarium. 2. A sharp stake or spike placed in pitfalls before an entrenchment, to embarrass the progress of an attacking enemy." — Smith, 1873 |
 | Symposium "Symposium, a drinking-party. The symposium must be distunguished from the deipnon, for though drinking almost always followed a dinner-party, yet the former was regarded as entirely distinct from the latter, was regulated by different customs, and frequently received the addition of many guests, who were not present at the dinner. For the Greeks did not usually drink at their dinner, and it was not till the conclusion of the meal that wine was introduced." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Syracuse, coin of "Coin of Syracuse." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Talus "Talus. The huckle-bones of sheep and goats were used to play with from the earliest times, principally by women and children, occasionally by old men. The following cut, taken from an ancient painting, represents a woman, who, having thrown the bones upwards into the air, has caught three of them on the back of her hand. When the sides of the bone were marked with different values, the game became one of chance. The two ends were left blank, because the bone could not rest upon either of them on account of its curvature. The four remaining sides were marked with numbers 1, 3, 4, 5; 1 and 6 being on two opposite sides, and 3 and 4 on the other two opposite sides. Two persons played together at this game, using four bones, which they threw up into the air, or emptied out of a dice-box, and observing the numbers on the uppermost sides. " &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Targe "This was a small round shield, made of the hide ofa quadruped." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Theocritus "The fame of Theocritus, the prince of bucolic poetry, depends on his faithful pictures of natural scenery and the common Sicilian people. He is generally considered the only poet of the Alexandrean epoch whose works can rank with the brilliant Grecian songs of earlier days." — The Delphian Society, 1913 |
 | Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae |
 | Thrones "Thrones, a throne, is a Greek word, for which the proper Latin term is Solium. This did not differ from a chair except in being higher, larger, and in all respects more magnificent. On account of its elevation it was always necessarily accompanied by a footstool. The accompanying cut shows two gilded thrones with cushions and drapery, intended to be the thrones of Mars and Venus, which is expressed by the helmet on the one and the dove on the other." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Thrones "The following wood-cut from a fictile vase in the Museo Borbonico at Naples, represents Juno seated on a splendid throne, which is elevated on a basement. She holds in her left hand a sceptre, and in her right the apple, which Mercury is about to convey to Paris with a view to the celebrated contest for beauty on Mount Ida. Mercury is distinguished by his talaria, his caduceus, and his petasus thrown behind his back, and hanging b a string. On the right side of the throne is the representation of a tigress or panther." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Gilded thrones "The throne was raised on high, and her feet supported by a footstool. The following cut shows two gilded thrones, with cusions and drapery." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Thyrsus "Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities and rites. It was sometimes terminated by the apple of the pine, or fir-cone, that tree being dedicated to Bacchus in consequence of the use of the turpentine which flowed from it, and also of its cones, in making wine. The monuments of ancient art, however, most commonly exhibit, instead of the pine-apple, a bunch of vine or ivy leaves, with grapes or berries, arranged into the form of a cone. The annexed cut shows the head of a thyrsus composed of the leaves and berries of the ivy, and surrounded by acanthus leaves. The fabulous history of Bacchus relates that he converted the thyrsi carried by himself and his followers into dangerous weapons, by concealing an iron point in the head of the leaves." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Head of a thyrsus "Shows the head of a thyrsus composed of the leaves and berries of the ivy, and surrounded by acanthus leaves. Very frequently, also, a while fillet was tied to the pole just below the head." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Tiara "Tiara or Tiaras, a hat with a large high crown. This was the head-dress which characterized the north-western Asiatics, and more especially the Armenians, Parthians, and Persians, as distinguished from the Greeks and Romans, whose hats fitted the head, or had only a low crown. The king of Persia wore an erect tiara, whilst those of his subjects were soft and flexible, falling on one side. The Persian name for this regal head-dress was cidaris. " &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Torches "On ancient monuments, the torch appears to be formed of wooden staves or twigs, either bound by a rope drawn round them in a spiral form, or surrounded by circular bands at equal distances." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Torques "An ornament or kind of chain, of gold, twisted spiraly, and bent in a circular form, which was worn around the neck." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Torques "Toques or torquis, an ornament of gold, twisted spirally and bent into a circular form, which was worn round the neck by men of distinction among the Persians, the Gauls, and other Asiatic and northern nations. It was by taking a collar from a Gallic warrior that T. Manlius obtained the cognomen of Torquatus. Torques, whether in the form of collars or bracelets, no doubt formed a considerable part of te wealth of those who wore them. Hence they were an important portion of the spoil, when any Celtic or Oriental army was conquered, and they were among the rewards of valour bestowed after an engagement upon those who had most distinguished themselves." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Mobile tower "They who are within this machine obtain first a view of the place from their high position, and then, by means of small bridges (pontes), descend upon the city walls." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Tragedy_Mask "Masks used in Tragedy" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Tribulus "Tribulus, a caltrop, also called murex. When a place was beset with troops, the one party endeavoured to impede the cavalry of the other party, either by throwing before them caltrops, which necessarily lay with one of their four sharp points turned upward, or by burying the caltrop with one point at the surface of the ground. The following wood-cut is taken from a bronze caltrop figured by Cayius." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Tripos "Tripos, a tripod, i.e. any utensil or article of furniture supported upon three feet. More especially, 1. A three-legged table. 2. A pot or caldron, used for boiling meat, and either raised upon a three-legged stand of bronze, or made with its three feet in the same piece. 3. A bronze altar, not differing probably in its original form from the tall tripod caldron already described. In this form, but with additional ornament, we see it in the left-hand figure in the annexed cut. The figure on the right hand represents the tripod from which the Pythian priestess at Delphi gave responses. The celebrity of this tripod produced innumerable imitations of it, which were made to be used in sacrifice, and still mere frequently to be presented to the treasury both in that place and in many other Greek temples." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Trochus "Trochus, a hoop. The Greek boys used to exercise themselves, like ours, with trundling a hoop. It was a bronze ring, and had sometimes bells attached to it. It was impelled by means of a hook with a wooden handle called a clavis. From the Greeks this custom passed to the Romans, who consequently adopted the Greek term. The hoop was used at the Gymnasia, and, therefore, on one of the gems in the Stosch collection at Berlin, which is engraved in the annexed wood-cut, it is accompanied by the jar of oil and the bay branch, the emblems of effort and of victory. On each side of this we have represented another gem from the same collection. Both of these exhibit youths trundling the hoop by means of the hook or key. These show the size of the hoop, which in the middle figure has also three small rings or bells on its circumference." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Trojan horse Wooden horse is taken into the city of Troy. |
 | Tropaeum "Tropaeum, a trophy, a sign and memorial of victory, which was erected on the field of battle where the enemy had turned to flight, and in case of a victory gained at sea, on the nearest land." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Troy Taking of Troy. |
 | Trua "Trua, Trulla, to perforate; a large and flat spoon or ladle, pierced with holes; a trowel. The following woodcut represents such a ladle." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Turibulum "Turibulum, a censer. The Greeks and Romans, when they sacrificed, commonly took a little frankincense out of the acerra, and let it fall upon the flaming altar. More rarely they used a censer, by means of which they burned the incense in greater profusion, and which was in fact a small moveable grate or foculus. he following wood-cut, taken from an ancient painting, shows the performance of both of these acts at the same time." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Vannus "Vannus, A winnowing van, a bread basket, into which the corn mixed with chaff was received after trashing, and was then thrown in the direction of the wind. Virgil dignifies this simple implement by calling it mustica vannus Iacchi. The rites of Bacchus, as well as those of Ceres, having a continual reference to the occupations of rural life, the vannus was borne in the procession celebrated in honour of both these divinities. In the cut annexed the infant Bacchus is carried in a vannus by two dancing bacchantes clothed in skins." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Vaphio "The Vaphio Gold Cups" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Velum "Velum, a curtain. Curtains were used in private houses as coverings over doors, or they served in the interior of the house as substitutes for doors." &mdash Smith; 1873 |
 | Falx vinitoria "Represents the falx vinitoria, or pruning-knife for vines, to which the ensis falcatus have a close resemblence." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Greek warriot "After the fall of Athens Sparta stood without a rival in Greece." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Weapons An assortment of lances, darts, and pikes. |
 | Woman laying down A Greek woman laying peacefully on an alter. |
 | Women with necklaces "It is a very common error to translate monile baccatum, "a pearl necklace". The ornament of which we are here speaking is frequently shown in ancient paintings, as in the two following cuts." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Women with necklaces "It is a very common error to translate monile baccatum, "a pearl necklace". The ornament of which we are here speaking is frequently shown in ancient paintings, &c., as in the two following cuts." — Anthon, 1891 |
 | Wounded Amazon "Wounded Amazon" — Morey, 1903 |
 | Wrestling "The Olympic games were of greater efficacy than the Amphictyonic Council in promoting the spirit of union among the various branches of the Greek race, and in keeping alive a feeling of their common origin. They were open to all persons who could prove their Hellenic blood, and were frequented by spectators from all parts of the Grecian world. They were celebrated at Olympia, on the banks of the alpheus, in the territory of Elis." — Smith, 1882 |
 | Xerxes The return of Xerxes to Persia. |
 | Xerxes surveying his army "About the year 480 B.C., Xerxes, an Asiatic king, assailed the country with an army of several millions. He was met by the fearless Greeks with indomitable valor; his squadrons were cut to pieces, and the baffled monarch was driven back in disgrace to his own dominions." — Goodrich, 1844 |
 | Ęginetan Sculpture "Herakles, from the eastern pediment of the temple of Athena."-Whitney, 1902 |
 | Ęgis "Ęgis- Varvakeion Statuette of Athena."-Whitney, 1902 |
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