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"Suppose a cannon be loaded with a ball, and placed on top of a tower, at such a height from the ground, that it would take just three seconds for the ball to descend from it to the ground, if let fall perpendicularly. Now, suppose the cannon to be fired in an exact horizontal direction, and at the same instant, the ball to be dropped towards the ground. They will both reach the ground at the same instant..." -Comstock 1850

Projectile Motion of a Cannonball

"Suppose a cannon be loaded with a ball, and placed on top of a tower, at such a height from the ground,…

An illustration of a water tower.

Water Tower

An illustration of a water tower.

Illustration of a leaning tower with a perpendicular drawn from the top of the tower to the ground to form a right triangle.

Leaning Tower

Illustration of a leaning tower with a perpendicular drawn from the top of the tower to the ground to…

The Leaning Tower of Pisa.

Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa.

"The town clock of Athens in the Hellenistic Age." -Breasted, 1914

Athenian Town Clock

"The town clock of Athens in the Hellenistic Age." -Breasted, 1914

The tower of Giralda is a mosque in Seville.

Giralda

The tower of Giralda is a mosque in Seville.

A movable tower was used o attack a city in the medieval ages. It "was rolled up to the wall of the besieged town after the moat had been filled up at the proper point." -Breasted, 1914

Movable Tower

A movable tower was used o attack a city in the medieval ages. It "was rolled up to the wall of the…

One of the earliest square towers near Orleans, France.

Tower of Beaugency

One of the earliest square towers near Orleans, France.

The architecture in Pisa: a cathedral, baptistry, and Leaning Tower.

Pisa

The architecture in Pisa: a cathedral, baptistry, and Leaning Tower.

The cathedral and bell tower in Florence, Italy built by Brunelleschi.

Cathedral and Bell Tower

The cathedral and bell tower in Florence, Italy built by Brunelleschi.

"A tower or other elevated structure bearing a light at the top and erected at the entrance of a harbor or on some rock or headland to serve as a guide or warning of danger to navigators at night." -Foster, 1921

Lighthouse

"A tower or other elevated structure bearing a light at the top and erected at the entrance of a harbor…

The Tower Bridge in London, England.

Tower Bridge

The Tower Bridge in London, England.

Tower of Sompting church, Essex. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture, its period being from the conversion of England to Christianity till the conquest or near it, when Norman architecture began to prevail.

Church Saxon Architecture

Tower of Sompting church, Essex. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture,…

Tower of Barton-on-Humber church, Lincolnshire. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture, its period being from the conversion of England to Christianity till the conquest or near it, when Norman architecture began to prevail.

Barton-on-Humber Church

Tower of Barton-on-Humber church, Lincolnshire. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English…

Long and short work. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture, its period being from the conversion of England to Christianity till the conquest or near it, when Norman architecture began to prevail.

Long and Short Saxon Architecture

Long and short work. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture, its period…

Window with a baluster. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture, its period being from the conversion of England to Christianity till the conquest or near it, when Norman architecture began to prevail.

Saxon Architecture Window

Window with a baluster. Saxon Architecture is the earliest stage of native English architecture, its…

From the southeast, a man views Devils Tower or Mato Teepee, a national monument in Wyoming.

Devils Tower

From the southeast, a man views Devils Tower or Mato Teepee, a national monument in Wyoming.

A European castle.

Castle

A European castle.

"Tower of a German Feudal Castle." -Foster, 1921

Feudal Castle Tower

"Tower of a German Feudal Castle." -Foster, 1921

A poster of facts and illustrations of the age of feudalism and chivalry.

Feudalism and Chivalry

A poster of facts and illustrations of the age of feudalism and chivalry.

A poster with facts and images of France during the Middle Ages.

Middle Ages

A poster with facts and images of France during the Middle Ages.

The Eiffel Tower, a global icon on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France stands 984 feet high.

Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower, a global icon on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France stands 984 feet high.

The tomb of 20th United States President James A. Garfield in Cleveland, Ohio.

Garfield's Tomb

The tomb of 20th United States President James A. Garfield in Cleveland, Ohio.

An illustration of King's College located in Aberdeen.

King's College

An illustration of King's College located in Aberdeen.

The lighthouse on the Eastern Heights still stands in the grounds of Dover Castle to 80 foot (24 m) high close to its original height, and has been adapted for use as the bell tower of the adjacent castle church of St Mary de Castro.

Roman Lighthouse, and Part of St. Mary's Church, Dover

The lighthouse on the Eastern Heights still stands in the grounds of Dover Castle to 80 foot (24 m)…

This image depicts a man and a donkey walking under The Tower of Justice, the original entrance gate to the Alhambra. The Alhambra is a fortress in Granada, Spain that was built in 1348 by Yusuf I.

The Tower of Justice

This image depicts a man and a donkey walking under The Tower of Justice, the original entrance gate…

This image depicts the towers of a castle, La Torre del Clavero, in Salamaca, Spain.

La Torre del Clavero

This image depicts the towers of a castle, La Torre del Clavero, in Salamaca, Spain.

An illustration of a bell tower in Augusta, Georgia as seen in 1874.

Bell Tower

An illustration of a bell tower in Augusta, Georgia as seen in 1874.

The present parish church of St. Peter's at Wearmouth, on the north bank of the River Wear, occupies the ancient priory church building and is one of the oldest churches in Great Britain. The tower dates from Norman times, and doubtless formed part of the building as restored after the Conquest.

Monkwearmouth Church

The present parish church of St. Peter's at Wearmouth, on the north bank of the River Wear, occupies…

The present parish church of St. Peter's at Wearmouth, on the north bank of the River Wear, occupies the ancient priory church building and is one of the oldest churches in Great Britain. The tower dates from Norman times, and doubtless formed part of the building as restored after the Conquest.

Jarrow Church Tower

The present parish church of St. Peter's at Wearmouth, on the north bank of the River Wear, occupies…

An illustration of the Cathedral at Pisa located in Pisa, Italy. In the distance on the right side the Leaning Tower of Pisa is noticeable.

Cathedral at Pisa (exterior)

An illustration of the Cathedral at Pisa located in Pisa, Italy. In the distance on the right side the…

Formerly it was the parish church of Chelsea when it was a village, before it was engulfed by London. The building originally consisted of a 13th century chancel with chapels to the north and south (c.1325) and a nave and tower built in 1670.

Old Church at Chelsea

Formerly it was the parish church of Chelsea when it was a village, before it was engulfed by London.…

The church was originally built by the Saxons around 960, then was adapted by the Normans when William de Braose granted it to the Knights Templar in the 12<sup><small>th</small></sup> century. The church later passed to the Knights Hospitaller in the 15<sup><small>th</small></sup> century.

Sompting Church Tower

The church was originally built by the Saxons around 960, then was adapted by the Normans when William…

Built between 1175 and 1490, Wells Cathedral has been described as "the most poetic of the English Cathedrals". Much of the structure is in the Early English style and is greatly enriched by the deeply sculptural nature of the mouldings and the vitality of the carved capitals in a foliate style known as "stiff leaf". The eastern end has retained much original glass, which is rare in England. The exterior has a splendid Early English façade and a large central tower.

Wells Cathedral, Somerset

Built between 1175 and 1490, Wells Cathedral has been described as "the most poetic of the English Cathedrals".…

Glastonbury Tor is a hill at Glastonbury, Somerset, England, which features the roofless St. Michael's Tower. Tor is a local word of Celtic origin meaning 'conical hill'. The Tor has a striking location in the middle of a plain called the Summerland Meadows.

The Hills at Glastonbury

Glastonbury Tor is a hill at Glastonbury, Somerset, England, which features the roofless St. Michael's…

The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower. The tower has a number of functions. At Earls Barton, the ground floor probably served as the main body of the church and would have been annexed by a chancel to the east.

Earls-Barton Saxon Tower

The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower.…

Notable is the Saxon church (dedicated to St. Laurence), which may have been founded by St. Aldhelm around 700, and could have been a temporary burial site for King Edward the Martyr. It was re-discovered by Canon Jones in the 19th century, having been used for secular purposes (apparently becoming a house, a school and part of a factory).

St. Aldhelm's Church, Bradford-on-Avon

Notable is the Saxon church (dedicated to St. Laurence), which may have been founded by St. Aldhelm…

St. John's Chapel, or the Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, is located in the Tower of London. Dating from 1080, this complete 11th century church is the oldest church in London. A beautiful Romanesque chapel, St. John's is on the second floor of the White Tower, which was built in 1077-97 as a keep or citadel, the oldest part of William the Conqueror's powerful fortress.

St. John's Chapel in the Tower

St. John's Chapel, or the Chapel of St. John the Evangelist, is located in the Tower of London. Dating…

The cathedral consists of a Norman nucleus (Walter de Lacy is buried there), with additions in every style of Gothic architecture. It is 420 feet (130 m) long, and 144 feet (44 m) wide, with a beautiful central tower of the 15th century rising to the height of 225 ft (69 m). and topped by four graceful pinnacles, a famous landmark.

Gloucester Cathedral (Abbey) Church

The cathedral consists of a Norman nucleus (Walter de Lacy is buried there), with additions in every…

Merton College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its foundation can be traced back to the 1260s when Walter de Merton, chancellor to Henry III and later to Edward I, first drew up statutes for an independent academic community and established endowments to support it. The southern gateway is surmounted by a tower of the four Orders, probably inspired by Italian examples that Warden Savile would have seen on his European travels.

Gate of Merton College, Oxford

Merton College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its foundation…

Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is located in Lambeth, on the south bank of the River Thames a short distance upstream of the Palace of Westminster on the opposite shore. It was acquired by the archbishopric around 1200. The so-called Lollard's Tower, which retains evidence of its use as a prison in the 17th century, dates from 1440.

Lollard Prison, Lambeth Palace

Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is located in Lambeth,…

Henry V (16 September 1386 &ndash; 31 August 1422) was one of the most significant English warrior kings of the 15th century. He was born at Monmouth, Wales, in the tower above the gatehouse of Monmouth Castle, and reigned as King of England from 1413 to 1422. Henry was the son of Henry of Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and sixteen-year-old Mary de Bohun, who was to die in childbirth at 26, before Bolingbroke became king. At the time of his birth during the reign of Richard II, Henry was fairly far removed from the throne, preceded by the king and another collateral line of heirs. The precise date and even year of his birth are therefore not definitely recorded; sources offer as the most likely either 9 August or 16 September, in 1386 or 1387. By the time Henry died, he had not only consolidated power as the King of England but had also effectively accomplished what generations of his ancestors had failed to achieve through decades of war: unification of the crowns of England and France in a single person. In 2002, he was ranked 72nd in the 100 Greatest Britons

Henry V of England

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422) was one of the most significant English warrior kings…

Richard III (2 October 1452 - 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death. He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses and the end of the Plantagenet dynasty. After the death of his brother King Edward IV, Richard briefly governed as regent for Edward's son King Edward V with the title of Lord Protector, but he placed Edward and his brother Richard in the Tower and seized the throne for himself, being crowned on 6 July 1483.

Richard III of England

Richard III (2 October 1452 - 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death. He was…

Richard III (2 October 1452 &ndash; 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death. He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. After the death of his brother King Edward IV, Richard briefly governed as regent for Edward's son King Edward V with the title of Lord Protector, but he placed Edward and his brother Richard in the Tower and seized the throne for himself, being crowned on 6 July 1483.

Richard III of England

Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death. He…

The earliest church on the site is believed to have been founded in 627 by Paulinus, the first Archbishop of York, on a visit to the town when he was baptising believers in the River Trent. This legend is commemorated in the Minster's baptistry window. It is considered an outstanding example of Norman and Early English architecture. The distinctive pyramidal spires of lead (or Rhenish caps or "pepperpot" spires as they are known locally), the only example of their kind in the UK, uniquely overlap the footprint of the tower walls and are particularly noteworthy.

Southwell Minster

The earliest church on the site is believed to have been founded in 627 by Paulinus, the first Archbishop…

In addition to being a parish church in the Diocese of Ely, it is the University Church for the University of Cambridge. As such it has a minor role in the University's legislation: for example, University Officers must live within 20 miles of Great St. Mary's, and undergraduates within three. The church also hosts University Sermons, and houses the University Organ and the University Clock. The latter chimes the Cambridge Chimes which were later used by the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament ("Big Ben").

St. Mary's Church, Cambridge

In addition to being a parish church in the Diocese of Ely, it is the University Church for the University…

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (24 June 1532~1533 &ndash; 4 September 1588) was the long standing favourite of Elizabeth I of England. Robert Dudley was temporarily imprisoned, along with his father and brothers Guilford, John, Ambrose and Henry Dudley, in the Tower of London, where his stay coincided with the imprisonment of his childhood friend, Lady Elizabeth Tudor, who had been sent there on the orders of her estranged elder sister, Queen Mary I of England. By this time he was already married to Amy Robsart. A document titled "Leycester's Commonwealth", banned in England when published in Europe, proposes an elaborate conspiracy regarding Dudley.

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (24 June 1532~1533 – 4 September 1588) was the long standing…

In the war between King and Parliament (the English Civil War) the city of Hereford fell into the hands first of one party, then of the other. Once it endured a siege, and when it was taken the conquerors ran riot in the cathedral and, in their fury, caused great damage which could never be repaired. In the early years of the 18th century, Bishop Bisse (1712-21), devised a scheme to support the central tower. He also had installed an enormous altar-piece and an oak screen, and instead of restoring the Chapter House he allowed its stones to be utilized for alterations to the Bishop's Palace.

Hereford Cathedral

In the war between King and Parliament (the English Civil War) the city of Hereford fell into the hands…

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower), is a historic monument in central London, England, on the north bank of the River Thames. The Tower of London is often identified with the White Tower, the original stark square fortress built by William the Conqueror in 1078. However, the tower as a whole is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. The tower's primary function was a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison (particularly for high status and royal prisoners).

Procession to the Tower of London

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically…

The name Traitors' Gate has been used since the early seventeenth century, prisoners were brought by barge along the Thames, passing under London Bridge, where the heads of recently executed prisoners were displayed on pikes. Anne Boleyn, Sir Thomas More, Queen Catherine Howard, and Anne Boleyn's daughter, Elizabeth I, all entered the Tower by Traitors' Gate.

Traitor's Gate, Tower of London

The name Traitors' Gate has been used since the early seventeenth century, prisoners were brought by…

Trinity School is a private, preparatory, co-educational day school for grades K-12 located in New York City, USA, and a member of both the New York Interschool and the Ivy Preparatory School League. Founded in 1709 in the Tower of the old Trinity Church at Broadway and Wall Street, the school is the fifth oldest in the United States and the oldest continually operational school in New York City.

Trinity School

Trinity School is a private, preparatory, co-educational day school for grades K-12 located in New York…

The Sumaree Temple in Benares, India is an example of Sanskrit architecture.

Sumaree Temple

The Sumaree Temple in Benares, India is an example of Sanskrit architecture.

A diagram of a tower brewery cellars. A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of beer, though beer can be made in the home, and has been for much of beer's history. A company which makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.

Tower Brewery Cellars

A diagram of a tower brewery cellars. A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of beer, though…

The tower is the only remaining piece of the Earls Barton Church in Northamptonshire, England. It is one of the best examples of Saxon architecture.

Earls Barton Church

The tower is the only remaining piece of the Earls Barton Church in Northamptonshire, England. It is…

The old stone tower in Newport, Rhode Island.

Old Stone Tower, Newport

The old stone tower in Newport, Rhode Island.

The Tower of the Winds, also called horologion (timepiece), is an octagonal Pentelic marble clocktower on the Roman agora in Athens. The structure features a combination of sundials, a water clock and a wind vane. It was supposedly built by Andronicus of Cyrrhus around 50 BC, but according to other sources might have been constructed in the 2nd century BC before the rest of the forum.

Tower of the Winds

The Tower of the Winds, also called horologion (timepiece), is an octagonal Pentelic marble clocktower…

An illustration of a fixed hand revolving jib crane. A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.

Fixed Hand Revolving Jib Crane

An illustration of a fixed hand revolving jib crane. A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal…

The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib crane consisting of a steel-braced tower on which revolves a large, horizontal, double cantilever; the forward part of this cantilever or jib carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended backwards in order to form a support for the machinery and counter-balancing weight. In addition to the motions of lifting and revolving, there is provided a so-called "racking" motion, by which the lifting trolley, with the load suspended, can be moved in and out along the jib without altering the level of the load. Such horizontal movement of the load is a marked feature of later crane design. These cranes are generally constructed in large sizes, up to 350 tons.

Hammerhead Crane

The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib crane consisting of a steel-braced tower…

Indian art made its entrance into China with the worship of Buddha. But still diversities, corresponding to the different nationalities, were gradually introduced. Instead of the Indian dagoba there appears a tower-like construction of many stories, growing smaller towards the top and with the stages distinctly marked, and covered with multicolored curved roofs to which bells were attached.

Porcelain Tower at Nankin

Indian art made its entrance into China with the worship of Buddha. But still diversities, corresponding…

The stone parapet is a German Renaissance design of scrolls found on the Dagobert tower, a castle in Baden-Baden, Germany.

Stone Parapet

The stone parapet is a German Renaissance design of scrolls found on the Dagobert tower, a castle in…