A picture of a woman with a fancy hat, originally drawn by a 16 year old girl.

Woman in a Fancy Hat

A picture of a woman with a fancy hat, originally drawn by a 16 year old girl.

A young girl in a fancy dress at the bottom of a set of stairs.

Girl at the Bottom of the Stairs

A young girl in a fancy dress at the bottom of a set of stairs.

Fancy cut shingles laid on a roof.

Shingles

Fancy cut shingles laid on a roof.

"Epipleurae.-- Thorax, scapular arch, and part of pelvic arch of a bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). ep, four epipleurae or uncinate processes of as many ribs; pl, pleurapophysial parts of seven ribs; hp, hemapopysial parts of six ribs; v, dorsolumbar vertebrae; st, sternum (the letters are on the carina or keel); m, manubrium sterni; cp, costal process of sternum, bearing f, furcula; ec, epiclidium of furcula; h, hypoclidium of fucula; gl, glenoid fossa, formed by coracoid and scapula; il, ilium; is, ischium; p, pubis; a, acetabulum." -Whitney, 1911

Bobolink Epipleurae

"Epipleurae.-- Thorax, scapular arch, and part of pelvic arch of a bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus).…

The Fantail is a popular breed of Fancy Pigeon which are domesticated varieties of the Rock Pigeon (Columba livia).

Two Fantail Pigeons

The Fantail is a popular breed of Fancy Pigeon which are domesticated varieties of the Rock Pigeon (Columba…

Bacharach, one of the most picturesque of all the old towns of Germany. The town of Bacharach has a curious medley of houses with fantastic turrets, preposterous facades, impossible gables,-heavy beams designing arabesque on the outside of some of these edifices, chimneys in the shape of tiaras and crowns, an extravagant weathercocks made of Gothic letters out of old manuscripts.

Town of Bacharach

Bacharach, one of the most picturesque of all the old towns of Germany. The town of Bacharach has a…

An illustration of decorative letters St.

Decorative Letters St.

An illustration of decorative letters St.

Capital letter D designed and accented with a floral motif including flowers, leaves, lines, and shapes inside and outside the letter

Capital Letter D with Floral Motif

Capital letter D designed and accented with a floral motif including flowers, leaves, lines, and shapes…

The Legal Pointer is off scent to get justice.

Legal Pointer Off Scent

The Legal Pointer is off scent to get justice.

An illustration of a hand holding letters.

Hand Holding Letters

An illustration of a hand holding letters.

An illustration of an addressed envelope.

Addressed Envelope

An illustration of an addressed envelope.

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators.

Epicurus

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.…

This letter A with angels is designed with the angels playing a trumpet and a sea shell in the background. All around are leaves and flowers.

Letter A with Angels

This letter A with angels is designed with the angels playing a trumpet and a sea shell in the background.…

The fancy york is a 19th century design. It is typically worn over a dress.

Fancy York

The fancy york is a 19th century design. It is typically worn over a dress.

The fancy york is a 19th century design. It is typically worn over a dress.

Fancy York

The fancy york is a 19th century design. It is typically worn over a dress.

This is a 19th century fancy plastron that is made out of lace material and includes a tied ribbon. A plastron is worn over a dress for decorative purposes.

Plastron, Fancy

This is a 19th century fancy plastron that is made out of lace material and includes a tied ribbon.…

This capital letter W is decorated with flags and floral vines.

Capital W with Flags

This capital letter W is decorated with flags and floral vines.

This cup is made out of iron. It is cut in fanciful technique and inlaid with gold and silver.

Cup

This cup is made out of iron. It is cut in fanciful technique and inlaid with gold and silver.

This secretaire is a Renaissance design that is made out of walnut wood and inlaid with ivory, ebony and brass. It is used to write letters and store mail.

Secretaire

This secretaire is a Renaissance design that is made out of walnut wood and inlaid with ivory, ebony…

Color flag of Guam. Territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag.

Flag of Guam, 2009

Color flag of Guam. Territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered…

Black and white outline flag of Guam. Territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag

Flag of Guam, 2009

Black and white outline flag of Guam. Territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all…

An illustration of two young girls in fancy dresses and large hats.

Two Girls in Fancy Dresses

An illustration of two young girls in fancy dresses and large hats.

This letter F is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter F

This letter F is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

This letter L is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter L

This letter L is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

This letter O is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter O

This letter O is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

This letter R is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter R

This letter R is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

This letter I is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter I

This letter I is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

This letter S is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter S

This letter S is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

This letter T is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like style.

Letter T

This letter T is a rustic letter design, typically used by gardeners or florists for its branch like…

"Fig. 62 Skull of common fowl, enlarged. from nature by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. The names of bones and some other parts are printed, requiring no explanation; but observe the following points: The distinction of none of the bones composing the brain-case (the upper back expanded part) can be found in a mature skull. The brain is contained between the occipital, sphenoidals, squamosals, parietals and part of frontal; the ethmoidals belong to the same group of cranial bones proper. All other bones, excepting the three otic ear-bones, are bones of the face and jaws. The lower jaw, of five bones, is drawn detached; it articulates by the black surface marked articular with the prominence just above- the quadratic bone. Observe that from this quadrate a series of bones quadrato-jugal, jugal, maxillary-makes a slender rod running to the premaxillary; this is the zygoma, or jugal bar. Observe from the quadrate also another series, composed of pterygoid and palatine bones, to the premaxillary; this is the pterygo-palatine bar; it slides along a median fixed axis of the skull, the rostrum, which bears the loose vomer at its end. The under mandible, quadrate, pterygoid, and vomer are the only movable bones of this skull. But when the quadrate rocks back and forth, as it does by its upper joint, its lower end pulls and pushes upon the upper mandible, by means of the jugal and pterygo-palatine bars, setting the whole scaffolding of the upper jaw in motion. This motion hinges upon the elasticity of the bones of the forehead, at the thin place just where the reference-lines from the words "lacrymal" and "mesethmoid" cross each other. The dark oval space behind the quadrate is the external orifice of the ear; the parts in it to which the three reference-lines go are diagrammatic, not actual representations; thus, the quadrate articulates with a large pro-otic as well as with the squamosal. The great excavation at the middle of the figure, containing the cirlet of the unshaded bones, is the left orbital cavity, orbit, or socket of the eye. The mesethmoid includes most of the background of this cavity, shaded diagonally. The upper one of the two processes of bone extending into it from behind is post-frontal or sphenotic process; the under one (just over the quadrate) is the squamosal process. A bone not shown, the presphenoid, lies just in front of the oval black space over the end of basisphenoid. This black oval is the optic foramen, through which the nerve of sight passes from the brain-cavity to the eye. The black dot a little behind the optic foramen is the orifice of exit of a part of the trifacial nerve. The black mark under the letters "on" of the word "frontal" is the olfactory foramen, where the nerve of smell emerges from the brain-box to go to the nose. The nasal cavity is the black space behind nasal and covered by that bone, and in the oval blank before it. The parts of the beak covered by horn are only premaxillary, nasal, and dentary. The condyle articulates with the first cervical vertebra; just above it, not shown, is the foramen magnum, or great hole through which the spinal medulla, or main nervous cord, passes from the spinal column. The basioccipital is hidden, excepting its condyle; so is much of the basisphenoid. The prolongation forward of the basisphenoid, marked "rostrum," and bearing the vomer at its end, is the parasphenoid, as far as its thickened under border is concerned. Between the fore end of the pterygoid and the basisphenoidal rostrum, is the site of the basipterygoid process, by which the bones concerned articulate by smooth facets; further forward, the palatines ride freely upon the parasphenoidal rostrum. In any passerine bird , the vomer would be thick in front, and forked behind, riding like the palatine upon the rostrum. The palatine seems to run into the maxillary in this view; but it continues on to premaxillary. The maxillo-palatine is an important bone which cannot be seen in the figure because it extends horizontally into the paper from the maxillary about where the reference life "maxillary" goes to that bone. The general line from the condyle to the end of the vomer is the cranial axis, basis cranii, or base of the cranium. This skull is widest across the post-frontal; next most so across the bulge of the jugal bar." Elliot Coues, 1884

Skull of a Common Fowl

"Fig. 62 Skull of common fowl, enlarged. from nature by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. The names of bones…

This letter W is enclosed in a box with a background design of a human skeleton.

Letter W

This letter W is enclosed in a box with a background design of a human skeleton.

This is a uppercase letter Y shown enclosed in a box with a background of a seashell and seaweeds.

Letter Y

This is a uppercase letter Y shown enclosed in a box with a background of a seashell and seaweeds.

This letter I is shown in uppercase, enclosed in a box with a background of a skeletal image running after a person.

Letter I

This letter I is shown in uppercase, enclosed in a box with a background of a skeletal image running…

The St-Paul-St-Louis Church is located in Paris on Rue Saint Antoine in the Marais. The church was begun in 1627 and completed in 1641 and is an examaple of Jesuit architecture. It was designed based on the Gesú church in Rome. The letters IHS, as shown on the front of the church, is an abbreviation, the first three letters, of Jesus' name in Greek, ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, translated into English characters."In this style curved lines of the most varied description supersede all straight lines both in ground plans and in designs, whilst the most ordinary and characteristic embellishments are volutes, shellfish, and scrolls; groups of fruit and garlands of flowers, hangings, curtains, etc. [shown here]." "During the time that the license of the Roccoco Style prevailed, the elements of the ancient columnar orders were often misapplied, engaged columns and pilasters were frequently so connected with other side-pilasters which were recessed behind them to the number of one, two, or even three, that the cornices and, in fact, all horizontal mouldings were separately profiled over each column or pilaster [shown here]."

Façade of the Church of St. Paul and St. Louis at Paris

The St-Paul-St-Louis Church is located in Paris on Rue Saint Antoine in the Marais. The church was begun…

This letter n is boxed with a leaf design all around.

Letter N

This letter n is boxed with a leaf design all around.

This is a uppercase letter Y shown enclosed in a box with a background of a seashell and seaweeds.

Letter Y

This is a uppercase letter Y shown enclosed in a box with a background of a seashell and seaweeds.

This letter I is shown in uppercase, enclosed in a box with a background of a skeletal image running after a person.

Letter I

This letter I is shown in uppercase, enclosed in a box with a background of a skeletal image running…

"Dromaeognathous skull of ostrich, nat. size specimen no. 16,629, U.S. Nat Museum, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. RR, rostrum, beyond which the ossified nasal septum continues in the axis of the skull to the letters "Pmx." V, the short vomer, borne upon R, uniting laterally with Mxp, the broad maxillo-palatines; Pl, palatines, remote from rostrum, underrunning beyond Mxp, but not to Pmx. Pt, expanded scroll-like pterygoids, atriculating behind with Btp, the strong basipterygoid processes on the body (not rostum) of the sphenoid; they underlap R, but do not articulate there. Pmx, premaxillaries; Mx, maxillaries, whose ends run forward to opposite the letters "Pmx"; jugal; qj, quadrato-jugal; Qu, quadrate. (N.B. This is the most exceptional case of dromaeognathism. Each of the Ratite families - Struthionidae, Rheidae, Casuariidae, Dinornithidae, and Apterygidae, - as well as the Carinate family Tinamidae, offers a special case of such formation, as explained in the text.)." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Skull Structure of an Ostrich

"Dromaeognathous skull of ostrich, nat. size specimen no. 16,629, U.S. Nat Museum, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt,…

"Dromaeognathous skull of a tinamou (Tinamus robustus); copies by Shufeldt from Huxley. Letters as before; Mxp, maxillo-palatine. The tinamous, Dromaeognathae "have a completely struthious palate"; vomer very broad, uniting in front with broad maxillo-palatine plates as in Dromaeus; behind articulating with posterior ends of palatines and anterior ends of pterygoids, both of which are thus prevented, as in all Ratitae, from any extensive connection with the rostrum; basipterygoid processes springing from body of sphenoid, not from its rostrum, articulating with pterygoids very near the posterior or outer ends of the latter; head of quadrate with a single articular facet, as in Ratitae." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Skull of a Tinamou

"Dromaeognathous skull of a tinamou (Tinamus robustus); copies by Shufeldt from Huxley. Letters as before;…

"Schizognathous skull of common fowl, nat. size, from nature, by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. Letters as before; Pa, palatine. Schizognathism is a kind of " cleft palate" shown by the columbine and gallinaceous birds, by the wader at large, and many of the swimmers. In this general case, the vomer, whether large or small, tapers to a point in front, while behind it embraces the basisphenoidal rostrum, between the palatines; these bones and the pterygoids are directly articulated with one another and with the basisphenoidal rostrum, not being borne upon the divergent posterior ends of the vomer; the maxillo-palatines, usually elongated and lamelar, pass inwards over (under, when the skull is viewed upside-down, as it usually is) the anterior part of the palatines, with which they unite and then bend backwards, along the inner edge of the palatines, leaving a broader or narrower fissure between themselves and the vomer, on each side, and do not unite with one another or with the vomer." Elliot Coues, 1884

Common Fowl Skull

"Schizognathous skull of common fowl, nat. size, from nature, by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. Letters as…

"Desmognathous skull of mallard duck, Anas boscas, nat. size, from nature, by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. Letters before. In the "bound-palate" type, the vomer in either abortive, or so small that it disappears; when existing it is usually slender and tapers to a point in front; the maxillo-palatines are united across the median line, either directly or by means of ossification in the nasal septum; the posterior ends of the palatines and the anterior ends of the pterygoids articulate directly with the rostrum (as in schizognathism). This type is simply and perfectly exhibited by a duck in which the maxillo-palatine is a broad flat plate united with its fellow in mid-line; the oval sessile basipterygoid facets are far forward, opposite the very ends of the pterygoids." Elliot Coues, 1884

Mallard Duck Skull

"Desmognathous skull of mallard duck, Anas boscas, nat. size, from nature, by Dr. R.W. Shufeldt, U.S.A.…

"Aegithognathous skull of raven, Corvus corax, nat. size, from nature, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A. Letters as before. N.B. The reference line, V, goes to the ossified nasal septum borne upon the end of the vomer, which latter bone begins at the thickest part of the central projection. Mxp underlies V and overlies Pl, but touches neither." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Skull of a Raven

"Aegithognathous skull of raven, Corvus corax, nat. size, from nature, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S.A.…

"The upright single-stroke "commercial gothic" letter is a standard for titles, reference letters, etc. In the proportion of width to height the general rule is that the smaller the letters the more extended their width should be. A low extended letter is more legible than a high compressed one and at the same time makes a better appearance." —French, 1911

Upright Single Stroke Capitals

"The upright single-stroke "commercial gothic" letter is a standard for titles, reference letters, etc.…

"For the first practice draw in pencil top and bottom guide lines for 3/16" letters and with a 516 F or similar pen make directly in ink a series of vertical lines, drawing the pen down with a finger movement. This one stroke must be practised until the beginner can get lines vertical and of equal weight." —French, 1911

Top View of Position for Lettering Using Pen

"For the first practice draw in pencil top and bottom guide lines for 3/16" letters and with a 516 F…

"These strokes are the elements of which the single stroke letters are composed." —French, 1911

Pen Practice Strokes

"These strokes are the elements of which the single stroke letters are composed." —French, 1911

Commercial Gothic letters with stroke order.

Commercial Gothic Letters

Commercial Gothic letters with stroke order.

Stroke order of commercial Gothic letter I.

Commercial Gothic Letter I

Stroke order of commercial Gothic letter I.

Commercial Gothic Letter H with stroke directions.

Commercial Gothic Letter H

Commercial Gothic Letter H with stroke directions.

Letter L with direction of strokes for Commercial Gothic.

Commercial Gothic Letter L

Letter L with direction of strokes for Commercial Gothic.

The letter F from Commercial Gothic Letter with stroke number.

Commercial Gothic Letter F

The letter F from Commercial Gothic Letter with stroke number.

An illustration on how to write Commercial Gothic Letter E.

Commercial Gothic Letter E

An illustration on how to write Commercial Gothic Letter E.

A stroke order for writing Commercial Gothic Letter T.

Commercial Gothic Letter T

A stroke order for writing Commercial Gothic Letter T.

This illustration shows Commercial Gothic Letter N stroke order.

Commercial Gothic Letter N

This illustration shows Commercial Gothic Letter N stroke order.

Alternate stroke order for writing Commercial Gothic Letter N.

Commercial Gothic Letter N Second

Alternate stroke order for writing Commercial Gothic Letter N.

Letter K stroke order in Commercial Gothic.

Commercial Gothic Letter K

Letter K stroke order in Commercial Gothic.

The stroke order of writing Commercial Gothic Letter M.

Commercial Gothic Letter M

The stroke order of writing Commercial Gothic Letter M.

An alternate illustration of letter M using Commercial Gothic stroke order.

Commercial Gothic Letter M Second

An alternate illustration of letter M using Commercial Gothic stroke order.

A diagram illustrating stroke technique for letter A in Commercial Gothic.

Commercial Gothic Letter A

A diagram illustrating stroke technique for letter A in Commercial Gothic.

An illustration of letter V stroke order in Commercial Gothic.

Commercial Gothic Letter V

An illustration of letter V stroke order in Commercial Gothic.

A correct stroke order in writing letter W in Commercial Gothic.

Commercial Gothic Letter W

A correct stroke order in writing letter W in Commercial Gothic.