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"The <em>Serpulae</em>, which form irregularly twisted calcareous tubes, often grow together in large masses, generally attached to shells and similar objects; while those genera which, like the <em>Terebella</em>, build their residences of sand and stones, appear to prefer a life of single blessedness." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Serpula contortiplicata

"The Serpulae, which form irregularly twisted calcareous tubes, often grow together in large…

"These have the shell regularly rounded in front and narrowed behind; the legs are of moderate length, the claws large, and often unequal in size. This species inhabits deep water, and is captured in large quantities by sinking baskets, pots, or nets, baited with carrion, in place which it is known to frequent." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Common European crab

"These have the shell regularly rounded in front and narrowed behind; the legs are of moderate length,…

"It is among the largest of crustaceous animals, sometimes measuring as much as two feet in length. The body is composed of two divisions - an anterior, crescent-shaped piece, or carapace, and a posterior, somewhat hexagonal piece, formed by the coalescence of the abdominal segments." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

King crab

"It is among the largest of crustaceous animals, sometimes measuring as much as two feet in length.…

"The Red Sea Crab - Lupea Pelagica" &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Red Sea crab

"The Red Sea Crab - Lupea Pelagica" — Goodrich, 1859

"Another species of cricket is the Field-cricket, a timid animal which avoids the society of man, living all year round in the burrows which it forms in sandy banks among the stones. This is much larger and louder in its song than the domestic species, but it is by no means so common, frequentling only hot sandy districts." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Field Cricket

"Another species of cricket is the Field-cricket, a timid animal which avoids the society of man, living…

"Like that animal [the mole] it is constantly engaged in burrowing in the earth; and to enable it to do this with facility iits anterior limbs are converted into a pair of flat, fossorial organs, which are turned outward in exactly the same manner as the hand of the mole. In its pasage through the earth it does great injury to the roots of plants, but it said to live quite as much upon animal as vegetable food." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mole Cricket

"Like that animal [the mole] it is constantly engaged in burrowing in the earth; and to enable it to…

"The best-known form of the Copepoda is the genus <em>Cyclops</em>, specimens of whch may be found in every stagnant pool; it is the type of the family Cyclopidae, characterized by the possession of a single eye." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Cyclops

"The best-known form of the Copepoda is the genus Cyclops, specimens of whch may be found in…

"A South American genus, <em>Pelopaeus</em>, allied to the preceeding, is called the Dauber, from its singular habit of placing its nest of mud against the walls and ceiling in the interior of the houses." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Dauber

"A South American genus, Pelopaeus, allied to the preceeding, is called the Dauber, from its…

"They are often seen moving with a rapid flight over rivers, ponds, and meadows, alighting for a moment, and hen shooting away again." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

American Dragonfly

"They are often seen moving with a rapid flight over rivers, ponds, and meadows, alighting for a moment,…

"Among the larger kinds of dragon-fly is the <em>Libellula depressa</em> of Linnaeus, common in Europe, and popularly called <em>Eleanor</em>; the abdomen is large, short, and flat, and composed of nine rings or segments; the wings are diaphanous, and the flight is exceedingly short." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Eleanor Dragonfly

"Among the larger kinds of dragon-fly is the Libellula depressa of Linnaeus, common in Europe,…

"One of the most beautiful species of Euopean dragonflies is the Virgin Dragon-fly, <em>Libellela virgo</em>, which is not uncommon on the banks of rivers." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Virgin Dragonfly

"One of the most beautiful species of Euopean dragonflies is the Virgin Dragon-fly, Libellela virgo,…

"The bodies of these animals are of a cylindrical form, somewhat pointed at the anterior extremity, and usually a little flattened at the tail. The skin is tough, and divided into numerous segments by transverse wrinkles, and the organs of motion are reduced to the form of a double row of bristles, running down the lower surface of the body." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Earth-worms

"The bodies of these animals are of a cylindrical form, somewhat pointed at the anterior extremity,…

"The Foficulina includes the Earwig, <em>Forficula</em>, which appears to live principally upon vegetable substances. As this trie often attack the petals of flowers, they are regarded as enemies by the gardener." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Earwigs

"The Foficulina includes the Earwig, Forficula, which appears to live principally upon vegetable…

"The European <em>Fidonia Plumistaria</em>, is distinguised by its curious feathery antennae." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Fidonia Plumistaria

"The European Fidonia Plumistaria, is distinguised by its curious feathery antennae." —…

"Aphaniptera includes the fleas, which, despite their minuteness, have made themselves a name in the world. The arterial covering is a horny compound of very distinct segmentsl the wings are four, but nearly rudimentary; the suctional organs consist of a pair of fine, serrated, sword-shaped mandibles, provided with a sharp, needle-like spear for penetrating the skin of the victim." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Flea

"Aphaniptera includes the fleas, which, despite their minuteness, have made themselves a name in the…

"In these the head is generally of considerable size, and is furnished with a pair of large, compressed eyes, which occupy nearly its whole surface. The legs are well-developed, the tarsi composed of five joints, terminated by a pair of claws; the abdominal rings are distinct." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Flies

"In these the head is generally of considerable size, and is furnished with a pair of large, compressed…

"They carry the air required for their respiration in a space left for this purpose between the wings and the back. They are very active and predaceous animals, and when captures, some of them often inflict a painful wound with their powerful rostru,. Several species may be met with in almost any piece of water." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Boat Fly

"They carry the air required for their respiration in a space left for this purpose between the wings…

"a, eggs of the Breeze-fly; b, the same magnified; c, larva, or bot; d, chrysalis; e, perfect insect; f, female depositing her eggs" &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Breeze Fly

"a, eggs of the Breeze-fly; b, the same magnified; c, larva, or bot; d, chrysalis; e, perfect insect;…

"The tipulidae have the proboscis short, terminated by a pair of fleshy lips, inclosing two bristles." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Crane Fly

"The tipulidae have the proboscis short, terminated by a pair of fleshy lips, inclosing two bristles."…

"The family of <em>Fulgorina</em> includes the <em>Lantern-flies</em>, of which a large species inhabiting Guiana, the <em>Fulgora laternaria</em>, is said to emit considerable light in the dark." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Lantern Fly

"The family of Fulgorina includes the Lantern-flies, of which a large species inhabiting…

"These insects are called <em>Day-flies</em> from the shortness of their existence in the perfect state; they are also called <em>May-flies</em>. Both larvae and pupae present a considerable resemblence to the perfect insect; but the entire period of the preparatory stages is passed in the water." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

May Fly

"These insects are called Day-flies from the shortness of their existence in the perfect state;…

"The Ox-fly, Oestrus bovis, is three-forths of an inch long, and lays its eggs in the skin of young cattle, producing a swelling which supprates and forms a purulent humor, on which the larvae feed." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Ox Fly

"The Ox-fly, Oestrus bovis, is three-forths of an inch long, and lays its eggs in the skin of young…

"These insects are common in the South of Europe, and are especially abundant in Spain, where they are taken in large numbers, and from which source the best are generally obtained." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Spanish Fly

"These insects are common in the South of Europe, and are especially abundant in Spain, where they are…

"This term, from the latting <em>gala</em>, the oak-apple, and <em>colo</em>, to inhabit, is applied to a tribe of insects which are almost exclusively vegetable feeders, which includes the well-known Gall-Insect, <em>Cynips gallae tinctoriae</em>. The females of these punture the leaves, buds, and other parts of plants and trees, depositing an egg in the wound, accompanied probably by some irritiating fluid, which causes a diseased growth in the part, and thus produces the excrescences known as <em>galls</em>." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Gall Insects

"This term, from the latting gala, the oak-apple, and colo, to inhabit, is applied…

"Some, of which the Common Garden Spider, <em>Epeira diadema</em> is an excellent example, construct a beautiful net, composed of stout radiating lines, intersected at tolerably regular intervals by circular filaments." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Garden-spiders

"Some, of which the Common Garden Spider, Epeira diadema is an excellent example, construct…

"The female is chiefly luminous. It is a flat, grayish-brown creature, rather more than half an inch long, and quite destitute of wings. The male, on the contrary, is active, and flies well; and the luminosity of the emale appears to be intended to attract her volatile companion." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Glowworm

"The female is chiefly luminous. It is a flat, grayish-brown creature, rather more than half an inch…

"In the family <em>Culicidae</em>, or Gnats, which include several pre-eminently bloodthirsty species, the proboscis is especially suited for their worm of torment. It is often half the length of the insect, slender, sightly thickened at the tip, and incloses six long, sharp bristles." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Gnats

"In the family Culicidae, or Gnats, which include several pre-eminently bloodthirsty species,…

"The Carolina Grasshopper, <em>Gryllus Carolina</em>, is a large species with brown wings, common in our grassy fields in August, September, and October; they rise when approached and fly for the distance of a few feet, when they alight." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Carolina Grasshopper

"The Carolina Grasshopper, Gryllus Carolina, is a large species with brown wings, common in…

"[The paguridae] includes the Hermit or Soldier Crab, <em>Pagurus Bernardus</em>, the abdominal portion of whose body is quite soft, forming a sort of cylindrical fleshy mass behind the shelly cephalothorax. As the comfort of the animal would be materially interfered with were this soft, worm-like appendage exposed to be grabbed at by every passing fish who might take a fancy to it, he usually seeks some shelter for its tail, and the habitation selected is generally the empty shell of some univalve mollusk." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Hermit-crab

"[The paguridae] includes the Hermit or Soldier Crab, Pagurus Bernardus, the abdominal portion…

"The comb is made of wax, found in various plants, but which is also secreted by the bees themselves in organs situated under the abdominal base, and suspended perpendicularly by one of their sides. Empty spaces are left to permit of the bees reaching every part." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

honey-comb

"The comb is made of wax, found in various plants, but which is also secreted by the bees themselves…

"The Hornets resemble the Wasps in their habits, but but they are noted for their spitefulness and the acute pain inflicted by their stings. There are many species, some building a nest of paper-like materials, and attaching it to the limb of a tree, as is customary with certain European species." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Hornets and Nest

"The Hornets resemble the Wasps in their habits, but but they are noted for their spitefulness and the…

"The <em>Humble-bees</em>, or as they are often called in this country, the <em>Bumble-bees</em> are of many species, but they all resemble the common honey-bee in their habits." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Interior of the Humble-Bee's Nest

"The Humble-bees, or as they are often called in this country, the Bumble-bees are…

"The ichineumons, with long ovipositors, as the European species, <em>Ichneumon manifestator</em>, seek the burrows of the wood-boring insects, whose larva they are enabled to reach by means of this organ. Each species usually infests a particulat species of insect; and, singular as it may appear, many of these parasitic larvae are again preyed upon by others, whose parents are directed by an unerring instinct to the selection of the proper position for the nourishment of their arguement." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Ichneumon

"The ichineumons, with long ovipositors, as the European species, Ichneumon manifestator, seek…

"Anatomy of the external skeleton of an insect" &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

External Anatomy of an Insect Skeleton

"Anatomy of the external skeleton of an insect" — Goodrich, 1859

"The numerous species of <em>Coccinellae</em> feed upon <em>aphides</em>, or <em>Plant lice</em>, both in the larva and perfect states, and are often seen on fruit-trees, as the pear, peach, and plum, and on rose-bushes and other shrubs." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Ladybird

"The numerous species of Coccinellae feed upon aphides, or Plant lice, both…

"The animals belonging to this order, of which the <em>Common Leech</em> is a familiar example, are characterized by the total deficiency of any lateral appendages, their motions being effected by undulations of the body while swimming, or by the alternate attachment of the sucking discs with which the two extremities of their bodies are usually furnished." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Leech

"The animals belonging to this order, of which the Common Leech is a familiar example, are…

"This term is derived from the Greek <em>lepis</em>, a scale, and <em>ptera</em>, wings, and refers to the scales on the wings of moths and butterflies, those insects constituting the order." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Lepidoptera

"This term is derived from the Greek lepis, a scale, and ptera, wings, and refers…

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old. Brachiopods are suspension feeding, marine, benthic lophophorates in two higher species, Inarticulata and Articulata.

Modern Lingula

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving…

"Errantia means <em>wandering</em>, and is applied to numerous species, of which the Lob-worm or Lug-worm, <em>Arenicola piscatorum</em>, is a common example. This animal, much used by fishermen for bait, is nearly a foot long, and is found on sandy parts of the coast, where it bores into the sand left wet by the retiring tide; its head is large and rounded, quite destitute of eyes or tentacula, and furnished with a short, unarmed proboscis. The feet are very small, and confined to the anterior part of the body, while the branchial tufts, which are of considerable size, are placed on each side of the middle segments." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Lob-worm

"Errantia means wandering, and is applied to numerous species, of which the Lob-worm or Lug-worm,…

"The Spiny Lobster, <em>Palinurus vulgaris</em>, which may be taken as the type of the family, often weighs as muich as twelve or fifteen pounds. It was in great esteem among the ancient Romans, who denominated it <em>Locusta</em>. &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Spiny lobster

"The Spiny Lobster, Palinurus vulgaris, which may be taken as the type of the family, often…

"The migratory locust measures about two and a half inches in length, and some other exotic species are much larger; the <em>Locusta cristata</em>, a very beautiful species, common in the Levant, being four inches long, and between seven and eight in expanse of wings." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Locusta Cristata

"The migratory locust measures about two and a half inches in length, and some other exotic species…

"Locusts, which, from their often collecting in vast swarms, and moving onward with a steady and irresistable progress, quickly destroy every trace of vegetation over a vast extent of country, thus reducing the husbanman to despair, and concerting the smiling face of nature into a desolate wilderness." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Locusts

"Locusts, which, from their often collecting in vast swarms, and moving onward with a steady and irresistable…

"The <em>Galeruca rustica</em> is a common European species, called <em>Garden louse</em>.

Garden Louse

"The Galeruca rustica is a common European species, called Garden louse.

"The Mantis is one of the most voracious of its class, and only assumes this solemn and devout appearance for the beguilement of its unsuspecting victims; it is also exceedingly quarrelsome.: &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Praying Mantis

"The Mantis is one of the most voracious of its class, and only assumes this solemn and devout appearance…

"Tenebrio Molitor. Commonly known as the mealworm or the mealworm beetle. Common in Europe and in this country, of which the larva, found in flour, meal, etc., is well known as the meal-worm. It is common in mills, meal-tubs, granaries, and is distructive to sea-biscuit on shipboard." &mdash Goodrich, 1859

Mealworm

"Tenebrio Molitor. Commonly known as the mealworm or the mealworm beetle. Common in Europe and in this…

"Distinguished by their habit of forming a tube or case, within which the soft parts of the animal can be retracted. This tube is usually attached to stones or other submarine bodies. It is often composed of carious foreign materials, such as sand, small stones, and the debris of shells, lined internally with a smooth covering of hardened mucus." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Terebella medusa

"Distinguished by their habit of forming a tube or case, within which the soft parts of the animal can…

"The Mimas, <em>S. mimas</em>, is a beautiful South American species, of a rich golden-green color." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mimas

"The Mimas, S. mimas, is a beautiful South American species, of a rich golden-green color."…

"The Mosquitos, <em>Colex musquito</em>, which are very nearly allied to the gnats, are still greater pests than gnats." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mosquitos

"The Mosquitos, Colex musquito, which are very nearly allied to the gnats, are still greater…

"The Cecropia Moth, <em>A. Cecropia</em>, is of a dusky reddish-brown; the wings expand six inches, and are handsomely variegated. The caterpillar is of a light green color and is found on various fruit trees." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Cecropia Moth

"The Cecropia Moth, A. Cecropia, is of a dusky reddish-brown; the wings expand six inches,…

"The most remarkable species is the Death's Head Moth, <em>Acherontia</em> Atropos</em>, a large kind, variegated with dark brown and yellow, bearing upon the back of the thorax a deep orange mark, presenting no inconsiderable resemblence to the front of a human skull." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Death's Head Moth

"The most remarkable species is the Death's Head Moth, Acherontia Atropos, a large kind,…

"A considerable number of insects belonging to Sphingina have transparents wings. Among them is the humming-bird moth, <em>Sesia pelasgus</em>, often seen at evening in our gardens during the moths of June and July hovering like a humming-bird over the flowers and sucking their nectar with its long tube." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Hummingbird Moth

"A considerable number of insects belonging to Sphingina have transparents wings. Among them is the…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Caterpillar of the Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Chrysalis of the Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"The spiders with which we in temperate climates are most acquainted are of small size, but in hot regions there are several species whose extended legs occupy a circle of six or seven inches in diameter. Some of these, belonging to the genus <em>Mygale</em>, found in South America and Mexico, are said to attack young humming-birds, and to climb trees for this purpose." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Mygale

"The spiders with which we in temperate climates are most acquainted are of small size, but in hot regions…

"1 and 1, Egg and Larva of Iulus; 2, and 2, Iulus; 3, Polydesmus; 4, Glomeris; 5, Geophilus; 6, Lithobius; 7, Scutigera Longicornis" &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Myriapoda

"1 and 1, Egg and Larva of Iulus; 2, and 2, Iulus; 3, Polydesmus; 4, Glomeris; 5, Geophilus; 6, Lithobius;…

"In their form they resemble the common earth-worm; but their bodies are furnished, besides the ventral bundles of bristles, with a series of long spines on each side. They generally have two distinct eyes, and the mouth is sometimes armed with a long proboscis." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Nais

"In their form they resemble the common earth-worm; but their bodies are furnished, besides the ventral…

"The family <em>Nereidae</em> includes some elongated and distinctly annulated worms, which possess a well-developed head, furnished with tentacles and eyes, and a mouth with a proboscis, which is sometimes furnished with two or four teeth." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Nereis

"The family Nereidae includes some elongated and distinctly annulated worms, which possess…

"The Purse Crab, <em>Birgus Latro</em> is a very curious species found in Amboyna and some of the adjacent islands. They inhabit the fissures of rocks along the sea-shore by day and come forth at night to search for food along the beach. When they meeta person they set up their claws in a threatening manner and snap their pincers and retreat backward. The natives say they climb the cocoanut-trees to get the cocoanuts." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Purse-crab

"The Purse Crab, Birgus Latro is a very curious species found in Amboyna and some of the adjacent…

"The Common Sand-hopper, <em>Talitrus locusta</em>, which may be met with in thousands upon thousands of European shores, is a well-known example of this family. Although its length is not much more than half an inch, it can leap several inches into the air, and the facility with which it escapes pursuit by burrowing into the soft wet sand is truly wonderful." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Sand-hopper

"The Common Sand-hopper, Talitrus locusta, which may be met with in thousands upon thousands…