The shell of Pyrifusus Newberryi, a species of gastropod.

Pyrifusus Gastropod

The shell of Pyrifusus Newberryi, a species of gastropod.

"A concretionary stone or pebble, hollow inside, and often having the walls of the cavity lined with crystals." -Whitney, 1911

Quartz Geode

"A concretionary stone or pebble, hollow inside, and often having the walls of the cavity lined with…

A geologist collecting and studying rocks.

Geologist

A geologist collecting and studying rocks.

Geysers are boiling springs which, at intervals more or less regular, shoot out huge columns of water with great violence.

Geyser in Eruption

Geysers are boiling springs which, at intervals more or less regular, shoot out huge columns of water…

Glacier of Zermatt, or the Gorner Glacier.

Glacier of Zermatt

Glacier of Zermatt, or the Gorner Glacier.

Goethite is a mineral composed of an iron hydrate crystallizing in soil and other low temperature environments.

Goethite

Goethite is a mineral composed of an iron hydrate crystallizing in soil and other low temperature environments.

"An important part of the study of crystallography consists in the measuring and classifying of the interfacial angles on the crystals of all minerals. These measurements are accomplished by means of instruments known as goniometers." — Ford, 1912

Contact Goniometer

"An important part of the study of crystallography consists in the measuring and classifying of the…

"Section showing Granite nucleus, with strata lying on its flanks, the overlapping and continuous portions of which have been denuded off." -Taylor, 1904

Granite Section

"Section showing Granite nucleus, with strata lying on its flanks, the overlapping and continuous portions…

"Various species of Graptolites, from the Silurian rocks." -Taylor, 1904

Graptolites

"Various species of Graptolites, from the Silurian rocks." -Taylor, 1904

"Block of Stone containing Graptolites. GRAPTOLITE. A specimen or a species of Paleozoic coelenterate organisms, commonly supposed to be hydrozoans, resembling the living sertularians." -Whitney, 1911

Graptolites in Stone

"Block of Stone containing Graptolites. GRAPTOLITE. A specimen or a species of Paleozoic coelenterate…

"Diagram illustrating the position of the groundwater surface (the dotted line) in a region of undulating topography." -Salisbury, 1919

Groundwater Position

"Diagram illustrating the position of the groundwater surface (the dotted line) in a region of undulating…

The diagram shows the source of groundwater: water falls into porous ground (a), flows underground to be brought to the surface in another location.

Groundwater Source

The diagram shows the source of groundwater: water falls into porous ground (a), flows underground to…

Gypsum.

Gypsum

Gypsum.

Gypsum.

Gypsum

Gypsum.

"Monoclinic. Crystals usually tabular parallel to clinopinacoid; in diamond-shaped crystals with edges beveled by prism and pyramid faces." — Ford, 1912

Gypsum

"Monoclinic. Crystals usually tabular parallel to clinopinacoid; in diamond-shaped crystals with edges…

"Monoclinic. Crystals usually tabular parallel to clinopinacoid; in diamond-shaped crystals with edges beveled by prism and pyramid faces. Other forms rare. Sometimes twinned." — Ford, 1912

Gypsum

"Monoclinic. Crystals usually tabular parallel to clinopinacoid; in diamond-shaped crystals with edges…

"Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually thick to thin tabular. Basal planes prominent, often showing triangular markings." — Ford, 1912

Hematite

"Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually thick to thin tabular. Basal planes prominent, often showing…

"Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually thick to thin tabular. Basal planes prominent, often showing triangular markings." — Ford, 1912

Hematite

"Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually thick to thin tabular. Basal planes prominent, often showing…

"Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually thick to thin tabular. Basal planes prominent, often showing triangular markings. Edges of plates sometimes beveled with rhombohedral and pyramidal forms." — Ford, 1912

Hematite

"Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually thick to thin tabular. Basal planes prominent, often showing…

Principal forms of the triclinic system: hemi-brachy dome.

Hemi-brachy Dome

Principal forms of the triclinic system: hemi-brachy dome.

Principal forms of the triclinic system: hemi-macro dome.

Hemi-macro Dome

Principal forms of the triclinic system: hemi-macro dome.

Heulandite is the name of a series of tecto-silicate minerals of the zeolite group.

Heulandite

Heulandite is the name of a series of tecto-silicate minerals of the zeolite group.

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal prism

Hexagonal Prism First Order

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal prism

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal prism

Hexagonal Prism Second Order

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal prism

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal pyramid.

Hexagonal Pyramid First Order

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal pyramid.

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal pyramid.

Hexagonal Pyramid Second Order

Principal forms of the hexagonal system: hexagonal pyramid.

"The faces of the hexakistetrahedron correspond to one-half the faces of the hexoctahedron." — Ford, 1912

Hexakistetrahedron

"The faces of the hexakistetrahedron correspond to one-half the faces of the hexoctahedron." —…

"The hexoctahedron is a form composed of forty-eight triangular faces, each of which cuts differently on all three crystallographic axes. There are several hexoctahedrons, which have varying ratios of intersection with the axes." — Ford, 1912

Hexoctahedron

"The hexoctahedron is a form composed of forty-eight triangular faces, each of which cuts differently…

Principal forms of the isometric system: hexoctahedron.

Hexoctahedron

Principal forms of the isometric system: hexoctahedron.

Principal forms of the isometric system: hextetrahedron.

Hextetrahedron

Principal forms of the isometric system: hextetrahedron.

The Himalayas, the loftiest mountains in the world, rise abruptly form the plains of Northern Hindustan.

Himalaya Mountains

The Himalayas, the loftiest mountains in the world, rise abruptly form the plains of Northern Hindustan.

A Jason mollusk from the Reptilian age of the Mesozoic time.

Jason Mollusk

A Jason mollusk from the Reptilian age of the Mesozoic time.

"Conduit of Tilford laccolith, showing porphyry (P) breaking across limestone (L)." -Walcott, 1901

Laccolith

"Conduit of Tilford laccolith, showing porphyry (P) breaking across limestone (L)." -Walcott, 1901

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Leptaena sericea.

Leptaena Mollusk

A mollusk radiate from the Paleozoic time, Leptaena sericea.

"Isometric. Trapezohedral habit." — Ford, 1912

Leucite

"Isometric. Trapezohedral habit." — Ford, 1912

The Lingula antigua is a little bivalve shell belonging at the bottom of the class Brachiopoda. The inarticulate brachiopod genus Lingula is the oldest, relatively unchanged animal known. The oldest lingulid fossils are found in Lower Cambrian rocks dating to roughly 550 million years ago. The origin of brachiopods is unknown. A possible ancestor is a sort of ancient "armored slug" known as Halkieria that had small brachiopod-like shields on its head and tail.

Lingula Antigua

The Lingula antigua is a little bivalve shell belonging at the bottom of the class Brachiopoda. The…

The Lingula prima is a little bivalve shell belonging at the bottom of the class Brachiopoda. The inarticulate brachiopod genus Lingula is the oldest, relatively unchanged animal known. The oldest lingulid fossils are found in Lower Cambrian rocks dating to roughly 550 million years ago. The origin of brachiopods is unknown. A possible ancestor is a sort of ancient "armored slug" known as Halkieria that had small brachiopod-like shields on its head and tail.

Lingula Prima

The Lingula prima is a little bivalve shell belonging at the bottom of the class Brachiopoda. The inarticulate…

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old. Brachiopods are suspension feeding, marine, benthic lophophorates in two higher species, Inarticulata and Articulata.

Modern Lingula

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving…

(1797-1875) Scotch geologist

Sir Charles Lyell

(1797-1875) Scotch geologist

Principal forms of the triclinic system: macro-pinacoids

Macro-pinacoids

Principal forms of the triclinic system: macro-pinacoids

"Isometric. Octahedral habit, sometimes twinned octahedrons. Dodecahedron at times, either alone or with octahedron." — Ford, 1912

Magnetite

"Isometric. Octahedral habit, sometimes twinned octahedrons. Dodecahedron at times, either alone or…

"Microscopic Structure of white Statuary marble." -Geikie, 1893

Marble

"Microscopic Structure of white Statuary marble." -Geikie, 1893

"Orthorhombic. Crystals commonly tabular parallel to basal plane, showing also short prisms and low brachydomes." — Ford, 1912

Marcasite

"Orthorhombic. Crystals commonly tabular parallel to basal plane, showing also short prisms and low…

"Orthorhombic. Crystals commonly tabular parallel to basal plane, showing also short prisms and low brachydomes. The brachydomes usually striated parallel to the brachy-axis. Often twinned, given coxcomb and spear-shaped groups." — Ford, 1912

Marcasite

"Orthorhombic. Crystals commonly tabular parallel to basal plane, showing also short prisms and low…

Four varieties of mollusks from the Mesozoic time: "391, Exogyra costata; 392, Inoceramus problematicus; 393, Gryphaea vesicularis; 394, G. Pitcheri." -Dana, 1883

Mesozoic Mollusks

Four varieties of mollusks from the Mesozoic time: "391, Exogyra costata; 392, Inoceramus problematicus;…

"Homestake open cut, sills in Cambrian, showing Algonkian schist below." -Walcott, 1901

Rock Mining

"Homestake open cut, sills in Cambrian, showing Algonkian schist below." -Walcott, 1901

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Goniatites Marcellensis from the Hamilton group.

Goniatites Mollusk Fossil

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Goniatites Marcellensis from the Hamilton group.

An ancient mollusk from the Carboniferous Age, the Archimedes reversa.

Archimedes Mollusk

An ancient mollusk from the Carboniferous Age, the Archimedes reversa.

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Goniatites Marcellensis from the Hamilton group.

Goniatites Mollusk

An ancient mollusk from the Paleozoic time, Goniatites Marcellensis from the Hamilton group.

"A crystal form does not necessarily make a solid figure. One such an example is this, of the Monoclinic System.

Crystal of the monoclinic system

"A crystal form does not necessarily make a solid figure. One such an example is this, of the Monoclinic…

"The symmetry of the Monoclinic System is as follows: The crystallographic axis b is an axis of binary symmetry and the plane of the a and c axes is a plane of symmetry." — Ford, 1912

Symmetry of monoclinic system

"The symmetry of the Monoclinic System is as follows: The crystallographic axis b is an axis of binary…

The parts of a volcano illustrated with Mount Vesuvius: "a, the cone; b, summit cinder-cone; c, Somma, part of former outline of crater; d, Hermitage (now Observatory); e, Portici; f, Herculaneum; g, Torre del Greco." -Dana, 1883

Mount Vesuvius

The parts of a volcano illustrated with Mount Vesuvius: "a, the cone; b, summit cinder-cone; c, Somma,…

"Rupture of a Mountain.—There is no doubt, but in the operations of nature, great effects are sometimes produced among mountains, by a small quantity of water finding its way to a reservoir in the crevices of the rocks far beneath. Suppose, in the interior of a mountain, there should be a space of ten yards square, and an inch deep, filled with water, and closed up on all sides; and suppose that, in the course of time, a small fissure, no more than an inch in diameter, should be openeing by the water, from the height of two hundred feet above, down to this little reservoir. The consequence might be, that the side of the mountain would burst asunder, for the pressure, under the circumstances supposed, would be equal to the weight of five thousand tons." —Comstock, 1850

Mountain Rupture

"Rupture of a Mountain.—There is no doubt, but in the operations of nature, great effects are…

A mountain pass with a caravan passing through it.

Mountain-Pass

A mountain pass with a caravan passing through it.

Mud cracks are created when a mud-flat is exposed to air or sun to dry.

Mud Cracks

Mud cracks are created when a mud-flat is exposed to air or sun to dry.

"Schematic of nitrogen cycling associated with litter disposal on broiler farms." -Hatzell, 1995

Nitrogen Cycles and Litter Disposal

"Schematic of nitrogen cycling associated with litter disposal on broiler farms." -Hatzell, 1995

"The symmetry of the Normal Class of the Hexagonal System is as follows: The vertical crystallographic axis is an axis of hexagonal symmetry. There are six horizontal axes of binary symmetry, three of them being coincident with the crystallographic axes and the other three lying midway between them." — Ford, 1912

Symmetry of normal class

"The symmetry of the Normal Class of the Hexagonal System is as follows: The vertical crystallographic…

Waves are swimming motions of the water, caused by the action of the wind. Their height and velocity deepen on the forces of the wind, and depth of the basin in which they occur. The stronger the wind, and the deeper the ocean, the higher the waves and the greater their velocity.

Ocean Wave

Waves are swimming motions of the water, caused by the action of the wind. Their height and velocity…

An octohedron.

Octahedron

An octohedron.

An octohedron.

Octahedron

An octohedron.