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In air layering moss is held into place by a cone of strong paper.

Air Layering

In air layering moss is held into place by a cone of strong paper.

"The bark lies immediately beneath the epidermis. It consists of several layers. In the early state it is cellular, and is exactly like the pith with which it is in contact; but by the production of vessels and woody fiber, they are separated and become very different in appearance and constitution. The bark consists of two portions, the cellular and vascular, the latter of which is called liber, and the inner portion of the bark."—Darby, 1855

The Bark

"The bark lies immediately beneath the epidermis. It consists of several layers. In the early state…

This is an early 20th century dress. It is designed long with layers of ruffles. It is fitted at the waist with flowers at the center.

Early 20th Century Dress

This is an early 20th century dress. It is designed long with layers of ruffles. It is fitted at the…

Pictured is a layer notched at the bottom. A suitable branch is bent to the ground and held in place by a forked pin.

Layer Notched at the Bottom

Pictured is a layer notched at the bottom. A suitable branch is bent to the ground and held in place…

Illustrated is a layer ringed or girdled at the bottom. A layered branch is shown with a rong of bark removed.

Layer Ringed at the Bottom

Illustrated is a layer ringed or girdled at the bottom. A layered branch is shown with a rong of bark…

Illustrated is mound or stool layering. This method is used for low branches shrubs.

Mound Layering

Illustrated is mound or stool layering. This method is used for low branches shrubs.

Illustrated is a horizontal multiple layer.

Multiple Layer

Illustrated is a horizontal multiple layer.

"Cross section of Marsh Creek valley at McCammon, Idaho." -Lee, 1915

Rock Layers Showing Types of Rock

"Cross section of Marsh Creek valley at McCammon, Idaho." -Lee, 1915

Illustrated is an example of serpentine layering. The cane is bent and parts are covered and the intervals left above the ground.

Serpentine Layering

Illustrated is an example of serpentine layering. The cane is bent and parts are covered and the intervals…

The different layers or strata are shown by the shadling's. Stratified rocks are the most common of rock's found near the earth's surface. Stratified rocks are largely composed of fragments of older rocks; for this reason they are sometimes called <em>fragmental</em> rocks.

Stratified Rock

The different layers or strata are shown by the shadling's. Stratified rocks are the most common of…

"Map and section of trap ridges near Woodbury. The topography is indicated by sketched contours, with hachures for trap bluffs. The lower sandstone slopes are all covered, and the northern bluff of the western group of ridges is quite buried in drift. The crystalline rocks appear on the east. The section suggests an interpretation of the surface forms." -Walcott, 1901

Trap Ridges

"Map and section of trap ridges near Woodbury. The topography is indicated by sketched contours, with…