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Manufacturing and sale of clothing.

Clothing

Manufacturing and sale of clothing.

This illustration shows a cross mill and the sieves used to crush and filter bones in glue manufacturing.

Cross Mill and Sieves (Glue)

This illustration shows a cross mill and the sieves used to crush and filter bones in glue manufacturing.

This illustration shows a frame with cutting wires, and a machine capable of cutting 20,000 glue cakes per hour.

Cutting Machine (Glue Manufacturing)

This illustration shows a frame with cutting wires, and a machine capable of cutting 20,000 glue cakes…

This illustration shows a drying frame and drying rack used in glue manufacturing.

Drying Rack (Glue Manufacturing)

This illustration shows a drying frame and drying rack used in glue manufacturing.

Frame used to frame tables, this is a small type design featuring shape.

Small Frame for Table Top

Frame used to frame tables, this is a small type design featuring shape.

"Flint-Glass Manufactory." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glass Manufactory

"Flint-Glass Manufactory." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Interior of a crown-glass house." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glass Manufactory

"Interior of a crown-glass house." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

This illustration shows two glue cakes after the glue manufacturing process. The top image is a french cake, 7.5x7.5 inches square. The bottom image is an ordinary cake, a rectangle, 9 in by 5.5 in.

Glue Cake (Manufacturing)

This illustration shows two glue cakes after the glue manufacturing process. The top image is a french…

Three men at work grinding scissors.

Grinding Hull

Three men at work grinding scissors.

"There's an end to my troubles," said William Seward Burroughs as he threw into the street the first fifty adding machines he had made. He wished nothing to remain to remind him of this early failure." -Hill, 1921

Inventor: Burroughs

"There's an end to my troubles," said William Seward Burroughs as he threw into the street the first…

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are passed onto the breaker card, where they are reduced in length, finely divided, thoroughly mixed, cleared of impurities, and laid in parallel order. The chief features of the card are a cylinder about four feet in diameter covered with wooden staves filled with steel teeth, and around this cylinder a number of smaller cylinders, known as strippers and workers, also covered with steel teeth. The jute fibers are carried around the large cylinder, being finely divided by the workers and strippers in their course. A doffer roller then strips the elongated lap from the main cylinder and sends it down a broad channel, which compresses it to a strand or sliver about four inches wide. Twelve of these slivers are then fed into the finisher card, which is similar to the breaker, but has finer teeth, and are drawn out into a finer, smoother strand.

Carding Process in the Manufacuring of Jute

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are…

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists of many pairs of fluted or corrugated rollers arranged in horizontal succession and driven with a reciprocating motion. The jute as it passes through may receive a sprinkling of oil ad water from automatic apparatus attached to the machine overhead, or it may be arranged in the layers and sprayed with oil after emerging from the softener, a process known as batching. In either case, the material is then allowed to lie a certain time in bulk, to permit of the fiber being thoroughly permeated with the oil.

Softening Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the manufacturing of jute, the jute fiber must first be softened. The softening machine consists…

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to spinning frames of the throstle type, and spun into yarn of various sizes, with a hard twist for warps and a softer twist for wefts. The warp yarns on bobbins are then passed on to the spooling and dressing machines, or are reeled in hanks and bundles for the purpose of being bleached or dyed in various colors for stripes in the fabric to be woven. The weft yarns are taken to the cop winding machines.

Spinning Process in the Manufacturing of Jute

In the last step of the manufacturing process of the jute plant, the material is taken on bobbins to…

"The Consumer's League is trying to raise standards in relation to the sanitation of workrooms and shops in which clothing is made, and to improve the wages, working hours, and conditions of women's white underwear." —Kinne, 1920

Consumers' League Label

"The Consumer's League is trying to raise standards in relation to the sanitation of workrooms and shops…

Label of the International Ladies' Garmet Workers Union.

Union label

Label of the International Ladies' Garmet Workers Union.

This illustration shows the pillow and bobbins used in pillow lace manufacture.

Pillow and Bobbins (Lace Manufacture)

This illustration shows the pillow and bobbins used in pillow lace manufacture.

This illustration shows liquid run into molds to cool into jelly in the glue manufacturing process.

Liquid in Molds (Glue)

This illustration shows liquid run into molds to cool into jelly in the glue manufacturing process.

"The Boyer Machine Shop, St. Louis, where one of the first successful adding and listing machines was born." -Hill, 1921

Boyer Machine Shop

"The Boyer Machine Shop, St. Louis, where one of the first successful adding and listing machines was…

"Five kinds of glass are made: flint glass, or crystal; crown glass, broad sheet glass, bottle, or green glass, and plate glass." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Glass manufacturing

"Five kinds of glass are made: flint glass, or crystal; crown glass, broad sheet glass, bottle, or green…

The building with its machinery, where grinding or some process of manufacturing is carried on.

Mill

The building with its machinery, where grinding or some process of manufacturing is carried on.

The first manufacturing warehouse in New York.

First Warehouse in New York

The first manufacturing warehouse in New York.

This illustration shows the old method of boiling glue in a rope bag, then squeezed dry against a beam.

Old Method of Boiling and Drying (Glue)

This illustration shows the old method of boiling glue in a rope bag, then squeezed dry against a beam.

A rolling pair of cylinders which metal is passed through to form bars, plates, or sheets.

Spiral Roller

A rolling pair of cylinders which metal is passed through to form bars, plates, or sheets.

This illustration shows liquid in glue manufacturing being carried on rollers, cooled with cold water, to be cut.

Rollers (Glue)

This illustration shows liquid in glue manufacturing being carried on rollers, cooled with cold water,…

Showing the different stages of scissors manufacturing.

Scissors Manufacturing

Showing the different stages of scissors manufacturing.

A diagram showing the manufacture of a shoe.

Manufacture of a shoe

A diagram showing the manufacture of a shoe.

"When the soap is properly formed, the lye is carefully separated from it, and then it is removed in buckets to the 'frame room,' where it is poured into large frames which are like bins, their sides being bolted together." _Lupton

Manufacturing of Soap

"When the soap is properly formed, the lye is carefully separated from it, and then it is removed in…

A woman makes rope using an early type of machine for spinning rope yarn.

Spinning Rope Yarn

A woman makes rope using an early type of machine for spinning rope yarn.

This illustration shows a vacuum boiler in which liquid to become glue is boiled by steam, as well as a man testing the liquid in the manufacturing process.

Vacuum Boiler, Testing the Liquid (Glue)

This illustration shows a vacuum boiler in which liquid to become glue is boiled by steam, as well as…

A side angle view of a potato warehouse.

Potato Warehouse

A side angle view of a potato warehouse.

This illustration shows a wash box used for removing lime from materials used in glue manufacturing.

Wash Box for Removing Lime

This illustration shows a wash box used for removing lime from materials used in glue manufacturing.