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"A lens is a transparent body the two refracting surfaces of which are curved, or one of which is curved and the other plane.(1) Double convex(2) Plano convex(3) Meniscus(4)Double concave(5) Plano concave(6) Concavo concave." -Avery 1895

Lens

"A lens is a transparent body the two refracting surfaces of which are curved, or one of which is curved…

"A prism is a transparent body with two refraction surfaces that lie in intersecting planes. The angle formed by these planes is called the refracting angle." -Avery 1895

Prism

"A prism is a transparent body with two refraction surfaces that lie in intersecting planes. The angle…

"The inversion of the object is of little consequence when the instrument is employed for astronomical purposes, for since the forms of the heavenly bodies are spherical, their positions, in this respect, do not affect their general appearance. But for terrestrial purposes, this is manifestly a great defect, and therefore those constructed for such purposes, as ship, or spyglasses, have two additional lenses, by means of which, the images are made to appear in the same position as the objects. These are called double telescopes." -Comstock 1850

Double Refracting Telescope

"The inversion of the object is of little consequence when the instrument is employed for astronomical…

"The most simple refracting telescope consists of a tube, containing two convex lenses, the one having a long, and the other a short, focal distance." -Comstock 1850

Refracting Telescope

"The most simple refracting telescope consists of a tube, containing two convex lenses, the one having…

"Suppose a, to be a distinct object, from which pencils of rays flow from every point toward the object lens b. The image of a, in consequence of the refraction of the rays by the object lens, is inverted at c, which is the focus of the eyeglass d, and through which the image is then seen, still inverted." -Comstock 1850

Refracting Telescope

"Suppose a, to be a distinct object, from which pencils of rays flow from every point toward the object…

"Suppose the object o to be at such a distance, that the rays of light from it pass in parallel lines, p, p, to the great reflector, r, r. this reflector being concave, the rays are converged by reflection, and cross each other at a, b which the image is inverted. The rays then pass to the small mirror, b, which being also concave, they are thrown back in nearly parallel lines, and having passed the aperture in the centre of the great mirror, fall on the plano-convex lens e." -Comstock 1850

Refracting Telescope

"Suppose the object o to be at such a distance, that the rays of light from it pass in parallel lines,…