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"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath, below which is a crossbar bearing pendant acorns. Then follow, in order, a metal disk. Jupiter's eagle standing on a thunderbolt, a crescent moon, an amulet, and a large tassel."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Standard Bearer

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath,…

Roman Standards from the Arch of Constantine.

Roman Standards

Roman Standards from the Arch of Constantine.

Staffs carried by Roman legions to show who they were and what rank in the army they held.

Roman Standards

Staffs carried by Roman legions to show who they were and what rank in the army they held.

Roman Sword or gladii. In sheath decorated with carvings.

Roman Sword

Roman Sword or gladii. In sheath decorated with carvings.

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison Carree ("the square house"). The structure is now used as a museum of antiquities."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Temple

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison…

"The Roman soldiers seem to have used two sorts of tents, one, a tent proper, of canvas or some analogous material, and constructed with two solid upright poles, and a roof piece between them; the other more resembling a light hut, of a wooden skeleton, covered by bark, hides, mud, straw, or any material which afforded warmth." — Chambers, 1881

Roman Tent

"The Roman soldiers seem to have used two sorts of tents, one, a tent proper, of canvas or some analogous…

Writing materials from the Roman empire.

Roman Writing Materials

Writing materials from the Roman empire.

"Constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Honorius. The material is concrete faced with brick; thickness, 13 feet; greatest height, 58 feet. This is still the wall of the modern city, although at present no effort is made to keep it in repair."—Webster, 1913

The Wall of Rome

"Constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Honorius. The material is concrete faced with brick; thickness,…

The Roman rosette is an artificial rose with five divisions. It is typically found on furniture, gates, doors and as centerpieces of ceilings.

Roman Rosette

The Roman rosette is an artificial rose with five divisions. It is typically found on furniture, gates,…

An image of Julius Caesar and his army crossing the Rubicon River, which is located in northeastern Italy. The idiom "Crossing the Rubicon" refers to Julius Caesar passing this river in 49 BC, and means to pass a point of no return.

Caesar Crossing the Rubicon

An image of Julius Caesar and his army crossing the Rubicon River, which is located in northeastern…

"S. Francesca Romana from the Palatine." — Young, 1901

S. Francesca Romana

"S. Francesca Romana from the Palatine." — Young, 1901

"The sagum was open in the front, and usually fastened across the shoulders by a clasp. The form of the sagum worn by the northern nations of Europe may be seen in the following cut from the column of Trajan, representing three Sarmatians with saga." — Anthon, 1891

Sagum

"The sagum was open in the front, and usually fastened across the shoulders by a clasp. The form of…

"Interior of the Basilica of San Paolo, Rome." —D'Anvers, 1895

Basilica of San Paolo

"Interior of the Basilica of San Paolo, Rome." —D'Anvers, 1895

Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, an elected Roman consul in 298 BC.

Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus

Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, an elected Roman consul in 298 BC.

"Temple of Saturn, Tabularium and Tower of Capitol." — Young, 1901

Temple of Saturn

"Temple of Saturn, Tabularium and Tower of Capitol." — Young, 1901

"The figure in the middle of the following illustration is from a most ancient specimen of Etruscan sculpture, and represents an augur with his <em>lituus</em>, or staff. The others are Roman denarii." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Sculpture and coins

"The figure in the middle of the following illustration is from a most ancient specimen of Etruscan…

A Roman scutum shield.

Roman scutum

A Roman scutum shield.

A coin of ancient Rome, the sesterce.

Sesterce

A coin of ancient Rome, the sesterce.

"Arch of Severus, Column of Phocas, and S. Martina." &mdash; Young, 1901

Arch of Severus

"Arch of Severus, Column of Phocas, and S. Martina." — Young, 1901

"The representation shows the arrangement of the tiers or oars in a two-banked ship. In just what way the lines of rowers in triremes and quinqueremes were arranged is unknown."—Myers, 1904

Prow of a Roman War Ship

"The representation shows the arrangement of the tiers or oars in a two-banked ship. In just what way…

Roman Shipbuilder at work with tool.

Roman Shipbuilder

Roman Shipbuilder at work with tool.

Various standards of military units of Rome in the Gallic War.

Signa Militaria

Various standards of military units of Rome in the Gallic War.

"Arms of Sixtus IV. and Julius II. (Della Rovere)" &mdash; Young, 1901

Sixtus IV

"Arms of Sixtus IV. and Julius II. (Della Rovere)" — Young, 1901

"Arms of Sixtus V (Peretti)." &mdash; Young, 1901

Sixtus V

"Arms of Sixtus V (Peretti)." — Young, 1901

"A Skyline from the Sette Salle." &mdash; Young, 1901

Roman skyline

"A Skyline from the Sette Salle." — Young, 1901

"A runaway slave, if recaptured, was sometimes compelled to wear a metal collar riveted about his neck."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Slave's Collar

"A runaway slave, if recaptured, was sometimes compelled to wear a metal collar riveted about his neck."—Webster,…

A soldier using a sling to cast stones as weapons, known as a funditor.

Slinger

A soldier using a sling to cast stones as weapons, known as a funditor.

The armor worn by ancient Roman emperors and generals.

Roman soldier

The armor worn by ancient Roman emperors and generals.

A Roman soldier.

Roman soldier

A Roman soldier.

"A variety of the common wheat, originally cultivated by the Romans."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Spelt

"A variety of the common wheat, originally cultivated by the Romans."—Finley, 1917

The Roman Sphinx is the bust of a woman with wings and the body of a lion. This design was found in the lower corner of an antique candelabrum.

Roman Sphinx

The Roman Sphinx is the bust of a woman with wings and the body of a lion. This design was found in…

The Roman square panels is an 1879 bas-relief design found near the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. This panel is divided into eight equal spaces that are decorated with a repeated design.

Roman Square Panel

The Roman square panels is an 1879 bas-relief design found near the Tiber river in Rome, Italy. This…

This Roman square panel is a mosaic pavement design.

Roman Square Panel

This Roman square panel is a mosaic pavement design.

"Interior of St. Clemente in Rome." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Interior of St Clemente

"Interior of St. Clemente in Rome." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Statue of St Peter in the Bascilica." — Young, 1901

Statue of St Peter

"Statue of St Peter in the Bascilica." — Young, 1901

"facade of old St Peter's, Rome." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Old Facade of St. Peter's

"facade of old St Peter's, Rome." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

The Roman Bisellium Stool also called the Roman double stool, was made of bronze but did not have a seat covering. Its origin was Pompeii.

Roman Bisellium Stool

The Roman Bisellium Stool also called the Roman double stool, was made of bronze but did not have a…

A Roman rider battling a Sueve. Suevi were Germanic people that posed a threat to the Romans.

Sueve and Roman Rider

A Roman rider battling a Sueve. Suevi were Germanic people that posed a threat to the Romans.

"The relief pictures an ancient Italian sacrifice of a bull, a ram, and a boar, offered to Mars to secure purification from sin. Note the sacred laurel trees, the two altars, and the officiating magistrate, whose head is covered with the toga. He is sprinkling incense from a box held by an attendant. Another attendant carries a ewer with the libation. In the rear is the sacrificer with his ax."&mdash;Webster, 1913

Suovetaurilia

"The relief pictures an ancient Italian sacrifice of a bull, a ram, and a boar, offered to Mars to secure…

"The Temple of Janus is represented as closed." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Coin of Temple of Janus

"The Temple of Janus is represented as closed." — Anthon, 1891

"The Round temple in the Piazza Bocca Della Verita." &mdash; Young, 1901

Round temple

"The Round temple in the Piazza Bocca Della Verita." — Young, 1901

"A relief from the Column of Trajan, Rome. The name testudo, a tortoise (shell), was applied to the covering made by a body of soldiers who placed their shields over their heads. The shields fitted so closely together that men could walk on them and even horses and chariots could be driven over them."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Testudo

"A relief from the Column of Trajan, Rome. The name testudo, a tortoise (shell), was applied to the…

Teutoboch was a legendary king of the Teutons, a Germanic tribe.

The Capture of Teutoboch

Teutoboch was a legendary king of the Teutons, a Germanic tribe.

Illustration of a restored atrium and peristylium of the House of Pansa at Pompeii. The impluvium, pool, sits in the center of the atrium. The peristyle can be seen in the background. Four entrances to cubicula are pictured, as well as the entrances to oecus and andron. Two Ionic columns are visible in the opening between the atrium and peristyle. Four statues line the atrium.

The Interior (Atrium and Peristylium) of Pansa's house at Pompeii, Restored

Illustration of a restored atrium and peristylium of the House of Pansa at Pompeii. The impluvium, pool,…

"The two-storied marble structure is capped by an enormous monolith weighing over 300 tons."—Webster, 1913

Tomb of Theodoric at Ravenna

"The two-storied marble structure is capped by an enormous monolith weighing over 300 tons."—Webster,…

Emperor of Rome from 14 to 37 A.D.

Tiberius

Emperor of Rome from 14 to 37 A.D.

"In the time of Trajan, the Arch of titus and the Colossus of Nero (a gilt bronze statue 120 feet high), stood near the site now occupied by the church of S. Francesca Romana. They were removed by Hadrian to make room for the Temple of Venus and Rome, the arch being placed in its present position, and the colossus on the large square pedestal near the Colosseum, of which some remains may be still identified." — Young, 1901

Arch of Titus

"In the time of Trajan, the Arch of titus and the Colossus of Nero (a gilt bronze statue 120 feet high),…

"The following cuts represent, the first more ancient, and the second the later mode of wearing the toga." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Roman Togas

"The following cuts represent, the first more ancient, and the second the later mode of wearing the…

A coffin or tomb of stone; a kind of stone chest, generally more or less ornamented for receiving a dead body. This illustration is the tomb of Scipios.

Roman Sarcophagus Tomb

A coffin or tomb of stone; a kind of stone chest, generally more or less ornamented for receiving a…

Gallic Torques were heavy necklaces of braided metal. Gauls carried their wealth in the form of Gold Torques which they wore around their necks.

Gallic Torques

Gallic Torques were heavy necklaces of braided metal. Gauls carried their wealth in the form of Gold…

A Roman Trading vessel laden with goods.

Trading Vessel

A Roman Trading vessel laden with goods.

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica, as restored by Canina." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Interior of Trajan's Bascilica

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica, as restored by Canina." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support trapezophoron is a marble design of a Lynx head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a panther head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is a marble design of a lion head and claw.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.

Roman Table Support Trapezophoron

The Roman table support Trapezophoron is made out of marble.