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A Gallic coin with a human figure on the front. Back.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin with a human figure on the front. Back.

A Gallic coin. Front.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin. Front.

A Gallic coin. Back.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin. Back.

A Gallic coin.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin.

A Gallic coin.

Gallic Coin

A Gallic coin.

Gallic Horsemen during the Gallic Invasion (390 B.C.) upon Rome.

Gallic Horsemen

Gallic Horsemen during the Gallic Invasion (390 B.C.) upon Rome.

Iron belt-chain used in the Gallic War.

Gallic Iron Belt-chain

Iron belt-chain used in the Gallic War.

Iron Helmet used in the Gallic War with horns and a spiral decoration.

Gallic Iron Helmet

Iron Helmet used in the Gallic War with horns and a spiral decoration.

Iron Holder used in the Gallic War.

Gallic Iron Holder

Iron Holder used in the Gallic War.

Iron Shield Boss off of a shield used in the Gallic War.

Gallic Iron Shield Boss

Iron Shield Boss off of a shield used in the Gallic War.

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

Gallic Necklace

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

Gallic Necklace

Necklace worn in the Gallic war. Has amber and coral pendants.

A soldier from Gaul carrying a sword in his right hand and shield in his left. He is wearing a cloak and traditional braccae, trousers made from wool. The trousers are fitted around the ankle. The soldier's helmet has horns and ear-pieces. He has long hair and a long mustache.

Gallic Soldier Wearing Trousers and a Horned Helmet

A soldier from Gaul carrying a sword in his right hand and shield in his left. He is wearing a cloak…

A Gallic Sword Blade.

Gallic Sword-Blade

A Gallic Sword Blade.

Sword-hilt and girdle used in the Gallic War.

Gallic Sword-hilt and Girdle

Sword-hilt and girdle used in the Gallic War.

Illustrated are gardens of the Pope. The gardens are on the Quirinal, Rome.

Gardens of the Pope

Illustrated are gardens of the Pope. The gardens are on the Quirinal, Rome.

Gallic soldier blowing long trumpet known as carnyx.

Gaul with Trumpet

Gallic soldier blowing long trumpet known as carnyx.

A Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. The copy is made of marble, while the lost original sculpture is thought to have been bronze.

The Dying Gaul

A Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. The copy is made of marble, while the lost original sculpture…

Roman Gladiators fighting each other in front of an audience in an arena.

Gladiators

Roman Gladiators fighting each other in front of an audience in an arena.

This illustration shows various types of gladiators, each type with with his specific weapons attributed to him. Gladiators were swordsmen whose profession was to fight for the public amusement. Gladiators are said to have been borrowed by Rome from the Etruscans. They were first exhibited in Rome in 246 BC, primarily at funerals, but afterwards at festivals, particularly those celebrated by the aediles and other magistrates. More than ten thousand were shown at Trajan's triumph over the Dacians. They were either free-born citizens, usually of a low class, who fought for hire, or captives, slaves, or malefactors, and were kept in schools, where they were carefully trained. Chief varieties were Andabatae, who wore helmets with no openings for the eyes, so that their blindfold movements provoked the spectators' mirth; Mirmillones, who used Gallic weapons, sword and shield; Retiarii, who carried a net and a three-pronged lance -- the net to entangle their opponents; and Thraces, who, like the Thracians, used a short sword and a round buckler. When a gladiator was severely wounded and defeated, the people cried out 'Habet' (He has it), and he lowered his arms; then, if the spectators wished his life to be spared, they turned their thumbs down; but it they desired his death, they turned them up. These combats were often attended by great cruelty and callousness on the part of the spectators; sometimes they were fights à outrance, none being spared alive. Discharged gladiators were presented with a rudis, or wooden sword, and hence were called rudiarii. Gladiatorial combats were disliked by the Greeks, and practically never took place in Greek cities.

Gladiators

This illustration shows various types of gladiators, each type with with his specific weapons attributed…

Four Roman Gladiators with Armor.

Roman Gladiators

Four Roman Gladiators with Armor.

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

Pompey the Great

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

In heraldry, the griffin is a fabulous animal, with the head and forefeet of an eagle, and the body, hind legs, and tail of a lion. The head is represented with pricked ears, symbolical of its vigilance. In mythology, the griffin was a creature similar in form to the griffin of heraldry, which was supposed to find its especial function in watching over hidden treasure, especially in Scythia. It was dedicated to the sun-god Apollo, whose chariot appears in early art as drawn by griffins. It was a favorite ornamental 'theme' in ancient Babylonian and Persian art, and is also found in a similar way on art objects of the Phoenicians, the Mycenæan civilization, and the ancient Greeks. The Romans and art-workers of the renaissance used it as a purely decorative device.

Griffin

In heraldry, the griffin is a fabulous animal, with the head and forefeet of an eagle, and the body,…

Coin of Roman emperor Hadrian.

Hadrian, Coin of

Coin of Roman emperor Hadrian.

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

The Tomb of Hadrian

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

"Hannibal's Passage of the Alps. Hannibal determined to carry the war into Italy. To do this, he had to fight his way through Spain and cross the Alps, which were regarded as an impassable barrier between Italy and the North. In this he succeeded, although he lost one half of his troops and almost all the beasts of burden in the passage. This is justly regarded as one of the greatest military feats in history. In modern times Napoleon accomplished it, but both he and his historians have accounted it one of the best proofs of his genius, that he, in the nineteenth century, should be able to do what Hannibal had accomplished in the third century B. C. Hannibal crossed the Alps probably by way of what is now known as the Little St. Bernard Pass. The Gauls on the Italian side of the Alps welcomed him as their deliverer, and he was soon in the plains of northern Italy."—Colby, 1899

Hannibal

"Hannibal's Passage of the Alps. Hannibal determined to carry the war into Italy. To do this, he had…

Hannibal, from a silver medal.

Hannibal

Hannibal, from a silver medal.

Statue of Hermes (Mercury).

Hermes

Statue of Hermes (Mercury).

Military formation of the Romans, also agmen quadratum. Square formation with no troops in the middle.

Hollow Square

Military formation of the Romans, also agmen quadratum. Square formation with no troops in the middle.

How Horatius kept the bridge

Horatius

How Horatius kept the bridge

"[Caesar] mustered the soldiers in the Campius Martius, and requested a statement of their grievances. Their demands appeared to have a reference to a payment of their dues, the bestowal of promised presents, and a release from further duty. Caesar well knew that the best way to humiliate an insurrection is to grant what it clamors for. He accordingly made an address to his old legion, being careful to begin with "Citizens," instead of "Soldiers." This was gall and wormwood. To be addressed as citizens by their beloved commander! "I discharge you." said he. "You have had enough of fatigue and wounds. I release you from your oath. As to your presents, you shall be paid to the last sesterce." The old veterans could stand no more. They burst into tears, and began to beg for forgiveness. With a certain prudent hesitation, Caesar received them back to favor; but he took care that the leaders who had fomented the mutiny should be executed."—Ridpath, 1885

Citizens! I Discharge You.

"[Caesar] mustered the soldiers in the Campius Martius, and requested a statement of their grievances.…

Illustration of Ignatius of Antioch, also called Ignatius Theophorus, tied to a post by his neck and wearing his bishop's robe. There are bones and scraps on the ground. One lion is sitting on the ground and looking up at Ignatius. The other lion is pouncing from behind. The arches and crowds of the Colosseum are visible in the background.

Ignatius of Antioch is Martyred by Being Fed to Lions

Illustration of Ignatius of Antioch, also called Ignatius Theophorus, tied to a post by his neck and…

Part of ancient Roman architecture, a basin in the atrium or entrance hall of a building, to receive rain

Impluvium

Part of ancient Roman architecture, a basin in the atrium or entrance hall of a building, to receive…

Janus, the Roman god, seated.

Janus

Janus, the Roman god, seated.

"Thus the prince, both when present and when coming, was alike victorius: and these things he achieved just starting up from amidst his books; or rather, in marching against the adversary, he marched with his books, for he had always in his hands either books or arms, believing that war was wonderfully assisted by philosophy, and that a prince competent to give counsel threw more weight into the scale than a fighting one." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Julian

"Thus the prince, both when present and when coming, was alike victorius: and these things he achieved…

A depiction of Julian the Apostate, a noted philosopher and Roman Emperor, and his death.

Death of Julian the Apostate

A depiction of Julian the Apostate, a noted philosopher and Roman Emperor, and his death.

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

Bust of Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation…

"The door in front of a temple, as it reeached nearly to the ceiling allowed the worshippers to view from without the entire statue of the divinity, and to observe the rites performed before it. The whole light of the building, moreover, was commonly admitted through the same aperture. These circumstances are illustrated in the following cut, showing the front of a small temple of Jupiter taken from an ancient bas-relief." — Anthon, 1891

Temple of Jupiter

"The door in front of a temple, as it reeached nearly to the ceiling allowed the worshippers to view…

This antique krater is made out of marble and has four handles. Found in Ostia a town near Rome, this antique vase is copied from the original that is made out of metal.

Antique Krater

This antique krater is made out of marble and has four handles. Found in Ostia a town near Rome, this…

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Front.

Coin of L. Plancus

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Front.

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Back.

Coin of L. Plancus

Coin of L. Plancus showing bust on front and amphora on back. Back.

This painting by Claude Gelle Le Lorrain is a perfect example of the style and technique that he liked to use so often. It can now be found in the Turin Gallery in Italy.

Landscape

This painting by Claude Gelle Le Lorrain is a perfect example of the style and technique that he liked…

"The Benedictine system enjoined three virtues as essential; solitude, humility, and obedience." — Young, 1901

Cloister of the Lateran

"The Benedictine system enjoined three virtues as essential; solitude, humility, and obedience." —…

The Roman Leaf design is shown as a capital of a column in Pantheon, Rome. The spoon-like roundings of the points of the leaves, as well as the deep incisions are designed to look good from a distance.

Roman Leaf

The Roman Leaf design is shown as a capital of a column in Pantheon, Rome. The spoon-like roundings…

"Arms of Leo X (Medici)." — Young, 1901

Arms of Leo X

"Arms of Leo X (Medici)." — Young, 1901

This Egyptian Lion is found in the Capital of Rome.

Egyptian Lion

This Egyptian Lion is found in the Capital of Rome.

The Lion Sleeping is a monument to Pope Clement XIII is found in St. Peter's, Rome is designed by Canova.

Sleeping Lion

The Lion Sleeping is a monument to Pope Clement XIII is found in St. Peter's, Rome is designed by Canova.

"The litter consists of an ordinary couch with four posts and a pair of posts. Curtains fastened to the rod above the canopy shielded the occupant from observation."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Litter

"The litter consists of an ordinary couch with four posts and a pair of posts. Curtains fastened to…

A Lituus, a horn used in Roman religious practice.

Lituus

A Lituus, a horn used in Roman religious practice.

Claude Gelle Le Lorrain (1600-1682), was an Italian born artist who painted many secular, unclassical, landscape peices. He also created a book that was called the Book of Truth. It held specific numbers and his personal signature to prevent copies of his work.

Claude Gelle Le Lorrain

Claude Gelle Le Lorrain (1600-1682), was an Italian born artist who painted many secular, unclassical,…

"Equestrian state of Marcus Aurelius." — Young, 1901

Statue of Marcus Aurelius

"Equestrian state of Marcus Aurelius." — Young, 1901

Coin stamp to stamp coins with the image of Marius.

Coin Stamp of Marius

Coin stamp to stamp coins with the image of Marius.

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important supporter and the best friend of Gaius Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator, being Caesar's second cousin, once removed, by his mother Julia Antonia. After Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian (Augustus) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, known to historians today as the Second Triumvirate.

Bust of Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius, known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and General. He was an important…

"Arms of Martin V." — Young, 1901

Arms of Martin V

"Arms of Martin V." — Young, 1901

This Grotesque mask was designed during the Italian Renaissance, by Sansovino. It is found on the tomb of the cardinal Sforza in St. Maria del Popolo in Rome, Italy

Grotesque Mask

This Grotesque mask was designed during the Italian Renaissance, by Sansovino. It is found on the tomb…

The Satyr Mask (Greek Mythological character) was designed during the Italian Renaissance by Sansovino, is placed over a Festoon (wreath) in St. Maria del Popolo, a church in Rome, Italy.

Satyr Mask

The Satyr Mask (Greek Mythological character) was designed during the Italian Renaissance by Sansovino,…

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

Cloaca Maxima

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

An ancient chariot racing stadium used during the Roman Empire.

Circus Maximus

An ancient chariot racing stadium used during the Roman Empire.

"The Villa Medici, from the Terrace." — Young, 1901

Villa Medici

"The Villa Medici, from the Terrace." — Young, 1901

A statue of Minerva, with a serpent depicted at the goddesses' feet.

Minerva

A statue of Minerva, with a serpent depicted at the goddesses' feet.