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"Diagram illustrating the position of the groundwater surface (the dotted line) in a region of undulating topography." -Salisbury, 1919

Groundwater Position

"Diagram illustrating the position of the groundwater surface (the dotted line) in a region of undulating…

The diagram shows the source of groundwater: water falls into porous ground (a), flows underground to be brought to the surface in another location.

Groundwater Source

The diagram shows the source of groundwater: water falls into porous ground (a), flows underground to…

Two cases of springs: "In one, the water descends through the porous bed e to the layer d, which is relatively impervious. The water flows along this layer until it comes to the surface, and there the water flows out as a spring, s'. In the other, the water moves underground through the porous layer b, under pressure, until it reaches a crack which leads up to the surface...s." -Salisbury, 1919

Springs

Two cases of springs: "In one, the water descends through the porous bed e to the layer d, which is…