Description: Map of Europe at the onset of the French Revolution. ÒWhat was Europe in 1789? One thing, at least, it was no: it was not a unity. There were states of every size and shape and with every form of government. The States of the Church were theocratic; capricious and cruel despotism prevailed in Turkey; absolute monarchy in Russia, Austria, France, Prussia; constitutional monarchy in England; while there were various kinds of so-called republics Ð federal republics in Holland and Switzerland, a republic whose head was an elective king in Poland, aristocratic republics in Venice, Genoa and the free cities of the Holy Roman Empire. — Hazen, 1917
Source: Charles Downer Hazen, The French Revolution and Napoleon (New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 1917) Frontpiece
Map Credit: Courtesy the private collection of Roy Winkelman |
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