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A Roman Corinthian Column.

Corinthian Column

A Roman Corinthian Column.

A Roman Corinthian Column.

Corinthian Column

A Roman Corinthian Column.

An ancient southern constellation, the Southern Fish.

Piscis Austrinus

An ancient southern constellation, the Southern Fish.

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed laconicum directly over the furnace, and having the clypeus over it, will be observed in the corner of the chamber named concamerata sudatio. The vessels for water are inscribed, according to their temperature, with the same names as some of the chambers, frigidarium, tepisdarium, and calidarium." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Roman Baths

"The baths of Titus, the name of each part of the building is inscribed on it. The small dome inscribed…

"Section of the Bath discovered at Tusculum, showing the calidarium (hot room)." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Tusculum Bath

"Section of the Bath discovered at Tusculum, showing the calidarium (hot room)." — Encyclopedia…

"Section of the Baths of Pompeii." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pompeii Baths

"Section of the Baths of Pompeii." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"The old bridge of Brioude across the Allier in France. Montfaucon and Seguin speak of this as a Roman work, but Gauthey gives the date 1454 for its construction, and names Grenier and Estone as builders without giving his authority." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Brioude Bridge

"The old bridge of Brioude across the Allier in France. Montfaucon and Seguin speak of this as a Roman…

"Among the figures painted in the very ancient tomb at Beni Hassan, in Egypt, occurs a group of figures from which the annexed woodcut has been drawn, conjectured to represent the arrival of Joseph's brethren when they went to purchase corn in the land of the Pharaohs." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Beni Hassan

"Among the figures painted in the very ancient tomb at Beni Hassan, in Egypt, occurs a group of figures…

"The Abdominal Viscera <em>in situ</em>, as seen when the abdomin is laid open and the great omentum removed. The ribs on the right side are indicated by Roman numerals; it will be observed that the eighth costal cartilage articulated with the sternum on both sides." &mdash;Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Abdomen

"The Abdominal Viscera in situ, as seen when the abdomin is laid open and the great omentum…

Three examples of the medieval method of putting on the amice. The amice is a liturgical vestment used mainly in the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, in some Anglican churches, and Armenian and Polish National Catholic churches. It consists of a white cloth connected to two long ribbon-like attachments, by which it is fastened around the shoulders of the priest. In several Mediaeval uses, such as the Sarum Rite, the amice bore a broad stiff band of brocade or other decoration, giving the impression of a high collar. These were called apparelled amices.

Medieval Amice

Three examples of the medieval method of putting on the amice. The amice is a liturgical vestment used…

"Ancient Persian Bag-pipes" &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Ancient Persian Bagpipe

"Ancient Persian Bag-pipes" — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica, as restored by Canina." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Interior of Trajan's Bascilica

"Interior view of Trajan's Basilica, as restored by Canina." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"facade of old St Peter's, Rome." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Old Facade of St. Peter's

"facade of old St Peter's, Rome." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 16th century." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Basilica of Old St Peter

"Sectional view of the old Basilica of St. Peter, before its destruction in the 16th century." —…

"Section of Basilica of S. Agnese at Rome." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Basilica of St Agnese

"Section of Basilica of S. Agnese at Rome." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Interior of St. Clemente in Rome." &mdash; Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Interior of St Clemente

"Interior of St. Clemente in Rome." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Ancient Hebrew Zither." &mdash; Cooke, 1910

Zither

"Ancient Hebrew Zither." — Cooke, 1910

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets of water almost effortless.

Shadoof

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets…

"An ancient English gold coin, varying in value. It was so called from the figure of the archangel Michael piercing the gradon upon its obverse. angels continued to be coined down to the time of the Commonwealth." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Angel

"An ancient English gold coin, varying in value. It was so called from the figure of the archangel Michael…

"The bull worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, who regarded it as a symbol of Osiris, the god of the Nile, the husband of Isis, and the great divinity of Egypt. A sacred court or yard was set apart for the residence of Apis in the temple of Ptah at Memphis, where a numerous retinue of priests waited upon him, and sacrifices of red oxen were offered to him." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Apis

"The bull worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, who regarded it as a symbol of Osiris, the god of the…

"A venomous serpent, the name of which has come down from ancient times; the vague descriptions of ancient authors, however, causing uncertainty as to the species. It is very generally supposed to be the Naja Haje, the El Haje or Haje Nasher of the Arabs, which is very common in Egypt and Cyprus, and often appears in hieroglyphic and other sculptures as one of the sacred animals of ancient Egypt." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Asp

"A venomous serpent, the name of which has come down from ancient times; the vague descriptions of ancient…

"Roman Bath, from a Painting on the Walls of the Thermae of Titus at Rome." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Bath

"Roman Bath, from a Painting on the Walls of the Thermae of Titus at Rome." — Chambers' Encyclopedia,…

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited in the annexed wood-cut, after an early Christian painting on the walls of catacombs at Rmb. It was originally of linen, but it is now generally made of the same heavy silk as the Planeta, worn by the priest." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dalmatic

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited…

"Denarius of the earliest kind: Having on the obverse a personification of Rome as a warrior with helmet; and on the reverse, a chariot drawn by four horses." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Denarius

"Denarius of the earliest kind: Having on the obverse a personification of Rome as a warrior with helmet;…

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Eagle

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history.…

"Diagram of the arterial system of A, Scorpio, and B, Limulus. The Roman numerals indicate the body somites and the two figures are adjusted for comparison. ce, Cerebral arteries; sp, supra-spinal or medullary artery; c, caudal artery; l, lateral anastomotic artery of Limulus. The figure B also shows the peculiar neural investiture formed by the cerebral arteries in Limulus and the derivation from this of the arteries to the limbs, III, IV, VI, whereas in Scorpio the latter have a seperate origin from the anterior aorta." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Arterial System

"Diagram of the arterial system of A, Scorpio, and B, Limulus. The Roman numerals indicate the body…

"Armillary Sphere, an instrument used in astronomy. In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed in the plane of the equator, the armilla is one of the most ancient of astronomical instruments. Slightly developed, it was crossed by another ring fixed in the plane of the meridian." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Armilla

"Armillary Sphere, an instrument used in astronomy. In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed…

"Roman Ivory Aulos found at Pompeii, showing slides and rings." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Aulos

"Roman Ivory Aulos found at Pompeii, showing slides and rings." — The Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Ancient Greek Double Pipes. Elgin Collection, British Museum." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Double Pipes

"Ancient Greek Double Pipes. Elgin Collection, British Museum." — The Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Ancient Persian bag-pipe." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bag-Pipe

"Ancient Persian bag-pipe." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, eldest son of the Emperor Severus, was born at Lyons A.D. 188; died in 217. On the death of his father he succeeded to the throne with his brother Antoninus Geta, whom he speedily murdered." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Caracalla

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, eldest son of the Emperor Severus, was born at Lyons A.D. 188; died in 217.…

"Cardinal, an ecclesiastical prince in the Roman Catholic Church, who has a voice in the conclave at the election of a pope, the popes being taken from the cardinals. The cardinals are appointed by the pope, and are divided into three classes or orders, comprising six bishops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons making seventy at most." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Cardinal Hat

"Cardinal, an ecclesiastical prince in the Roman Catholic Church, who has a voice in the conclave at…

"Nerva, the successor of Domitian, and one of the most virtuous of the Roman emperors. He was born in Umbria in 32 A.D.; died 98 A.D. He was twice consul, and was elected emperor on the death of Domitian in 96. He adopted Trajan, who succeeded him." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Nerva

"Nerva, the successor of Domitian, and one of the most virtuous of the Roman emperors. He was born in…

"A small coin of ancient Greece, in later times of silver, the sixth part of an Attic drachma, equal to 2.5 cents; multiples and sub-multiples of this coin were also used, and pieces of the value of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5 oboli, and 1/2, 1/3, 11/4th of an obolus respectively are to be found in collections." &mdash; Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Obolus

"A small coin of ancient Greece, in later times of silver, the sixth part of an Attic drachma, equal…

"Leaf of a diptych, Roman, probably about 4th century, South Kensington Museum collection." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ivory Carving

"Leaf of a diptych, Roman, probably about 4th century, South Kensington Museum collection." —…

"Probably no other insect has been the subject of so many and widespread legends and superstitions as the common "praying mantis," Mantis religiosa. The ancient Greeks endowed it with supernatural powers; the Turks and Arabs hold that it prays constantly with its face turned towards the mecca; the Provencals call it Prega-Diou; and numerous more or less similar names &mdash;preacher, saint, nun, medicant, soothsayer, etc., widely diffused throughout southern Europe. Children ask it to show them the way, and Mouffet assures us that it rarely or never deceives them; and it is even recorded that one specimen, which aligted on the hand of St. Francis Xavier, and which he commanded to sing the praise of God, loudly intoned a very beautiful canticle." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Praying Mantis

"Probably no other insect has been the subject of so many and widespread legends and superstitions as…

Egyptian wall-painting of the Ancient Empire in the Bulak Museum.

Egyptian Wall Painting

Egyptian wall-painting of the Ancient Empire in the Bulak Museum.

Painted vault from the Catacombs of St. Callixtus, Rome. In the centre Orpheus, to represent Christ the Good Shepherd, and round are smaller paintings of various types of Christ.

Vault

Painted vault from the Catacombs of St. Callixtus, Rome. In the centre Orpheus, to represent Christ…

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

Skin Bottles

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

Skin Bottles

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

Skin Bottles

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

Skin Bottles

A Roman skin bottle from specimens at Pompeii and Herculaneum

"Ethelbert met Augustine in the open air, under a tree at Canterbury, and heard him tell about the true God and Jesus Christ, whom He has sent; and, after some time, and a great deal of teaching, Ethelbert gave up worshiping Wooden and Thor, and believed in the true God and was baptized, and many of his people with him."

Augustine and Ethelbert

"Ethelbert met Augustine in the open air, under a tree at Canterbury, and heard him tell about the true…

A brass instrument used in the ancient Roman army

Buccina

A brass instrument used in the ancient Roman army

Terra cotta model of Roman bugle, 4th century

Bugle

Terra cotta model of Roman bugle, 4th century

Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for returning England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. To this end, she had almost three hundred religious dissenters executed; as a consequence, she is often known as Bloody Mary. Her religious policies, however, were in many cases reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I. Mary Tudor was a cousin, once removed, of Mary, Queen of Scots, with whom she is often confused by those unfamiliar with British history.

Mary I

Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for returning England from…

Flax is a member of the genus <em>Linum</em> in the family <em>Linaceae</em>. It is probably native to India, though its precise native range is unknown due to extensive ancient cultivation in southwest Asia and southeastern Europe.

Pod of Flax

Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is probably native…

This painting by Claude Gelle Le Lorrain happens to be one of the oldest etchings in oil. This painting is also know as 'The Ancient Port of Messina'.

Seaport

This painting by Claude Gelle Le Lorrain happens to be one of the oldest etchings in oil. This painting…

This painting, by Tistian, is of a Roman story. The painting can now be found hanging in the Borghese Palace in Rome, Italy.

Cupid Equipped by Venus

This painting, by Tistian, is of a Roman story. The painting can now be found hanging in the Borghese…

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

Interior of bath in ancient Rome.

Bath

Interior of bath in ancient Rome.

(100 BC- 44 BC) A Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history.

Julius Caesar

(100 BC- 44 BC) A Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history.

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, known as Caligula was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37-41. He was assassinated in 41 by several of his own guards.

Caligula

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, known as Caligula was the third Roman Emperor and a member…

Cameo, a term applied to gems of different colors sculptured in relief. The art of engraving on gems boasts of high antiquity, having been practised with various degrees of success by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

Cameo

Cameo, a term applied to gems of different colors sculptured in relief. The art of engraving on gems…

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:00

Clock 1:00

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:00

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:01

Clock 1:01

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:01

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:02

Clock 1:02

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:02

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:03

Clock 1:03

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:03

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:04

Clock 1:04

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:04

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:05

Clock 1:05

Round clock with Roman numerals showing time 1:05