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"In this machine the knife or cutter a is an endless band of steel which revolves at considerable speed with its cutting edges close to the sides of a pair of rollers through which the leather is fed and pressed against the knife. The lower of these rollers is made of short segments or rings, each separately capable of yielding to some extent so as to accommodate itself to the inequal thickness of various parts of a hide." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Splitting Machine

"In this machine the knife or cutter a is an endless band of steel which revolves at considerable speed…

A fish with a red eye. Sometimes refered to as a pest in parts of the world because of its impact on native species.

Rudd

A fish with a red eye. Sometimes refered to as a pest in parts of the world because of its impact on…

"aa is the mast, b tackle hook, c, c brass flanges for fixing parts of lantern together, e and g weather guards, h plate glass front of lantern, i shutter by which lamps are trimmed, k lamps, l silver reflector. Revolving catoptric apparatus was applied to floating lights in England, and M. Letourneau, in 1851, proposed to employ a number of sets of dioptric apparatus in one lantern." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Floating Lights

"aa is the mast, b tackle hook, c, c brass flanges for fixing parts of lantern together, e and g weather…

An aquatic plant of the Sagittaria genus.

Arrowhead

An aquatic plant of the Sagittaria genus.

A symmetrical plant with many dark green leaves on a hair trunk.

Sago Palm

A symmetrical plant with many dark green leaves on a hair trunk.

A plant native to Europe and Asia.

Salsify

A plant native to Europe and Asia.

"The twelve signs of the zodiac, together with the Sun, and the Earth revolving around him. When the Earth is at A, the Sun will appear to be just entering the sign Aries, because then, when seen from the Earth, he ranges towards certain stars at the beginning of that constellation. When the Earth is at C, the Sun will appear in the opposite part of the heavens, and therefore in the beginning of Libra. The middle line, dividing the circle of the zodiac into equal parts, is the line of the ecliptic." —Comstock, 1850

Zodiac Signs

"The twelve signs of the zodiac, together with the Sun, and the Earth revolving around him. When the…

"Elliptical Orbits.—It has been supposed that the Sun's attraction, which constitutes the Earth's gravity, was at all times equal, or that the Earth was at an equal distance from the Sun, in all parts of its orbit." —Comstock, 1850

Planet Motion

"Elliptical Orbits.—It has been supposed that the Sun's attraction, which constitutes the Earth's…

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line passing through its center, and about which it turns, is called its axis, and the two extremities of the axis are the poles of the Earth, A being the north pole, and B the south pole. The line C D, crossing the axis, passes quite round the Earth, and divides it into two equal parts. This is called the equinoctial line, or the equator. That part of the Earth situated north of this line, is caled the northern hemisphere, and that part south of it, the southern hemisphere. The small circles E F and G H, surrounding or including the poles, are called the polar circles." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Divisions

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line…

"Let S be the Sun, E the Earth, and A, B, C, D, F, the Moon in different parts of her orbit. Now when the Moon changes, or is in conjunction with the Sun, as at A, her dark side is turned towards the Earth, and she is invisible, as represented at a. The Sun always shines on one half of the Moon, in every direction, as represented at A and B, on the inner circle; but we at the Earth can see only such portions of the enlightened part as are turned towards us. After her change, when she has moved from A to B, a small part of her illuminated side comes in sight, and she appears horned, as at b, and is then called the new Moon. When she arrives at C, severel days afterwards, one half of her disc is visible, and she appears as at c, her appearance being the same in both circles. At this point she is said to be in her first quarter, because she has passed through a quarter of her orbit, and is 90 degrees from the place of her conjunction with the Sun. At D, she shows us still more of her enlightened side, and is then said to appear gibbous as at d. When she comes to F, her whole enlightened side is turned towards the Earth, and she appears in all the spendor of a full Moon." —Comstock, 1850

Moon Phases

"Let S be the Sun, E the Earth, and A, B, C, D, F, the Moon in different parts of her orbit. Now when…

"Let m be the Moon, and E the Earth covered with water. As the Moon passes round the Earth, its solid and fluid parts are equally attracted by her influence according to their densities; but while the solid parts are at liberty to move only as a whole, the water obeys the slightest impulse, and thus tends towards the Moon where her attraction is the strongest. Consequently, the waters are perpetually elevated immediately under the Moon. If, therefore, the Earth stood still, the influence of the Moon's attraction would raise the tides only as she passed round the Earth. But as the Earth turns on her axis every 24 hours, and as the waters nearest the Moon, as at a, are constantly elevated, they will, in the course of 24 hours, move round the whole Earth, and consequently from this cause there will be high water at every place once in 24 hours." —Comstock, 1850

Tides

"Let m be the Moon, and E the Earth covered with water. As the Moon passes round the Earth, its solid…

"Diagram illustrating the general relationships of the parts of the brain. A, fore-brain; b, midbrain; B, cerebellum; C, pons Varolii; D, medulla oblongata; B, C, and D together constitute the hind-brain." —Martin, 1917

Brain

"Diagram illustrating the general relationships of the parts of the brain. A, fore-brain; b, midbrain;…

"Diagrammatic vertical section of the head and proboscis of a mosquito. l, labium bent as when the other parts pierce the skin; p, pumping organ; o, hypopharynx through which is a channel for the exit of the secretion of the poison and salivary glands pn and s; d, exit for poison and saliva; m, maxilla; ma, mandible; la, labrum below which is the channel conducting the food from the inlet at n; st, stomach." —Davison, 1906

Proboscis

"Diagrammatic vertical section of the head and proboscis of a mosquito. l, labium bent as when the other…

"Break lathes can take in work of considerable length as well as of large diameter,—the treble-geared headstock and all other parts being in their case made of sufficient strength to bear the heavy strains which result from the increased size and weight of the work, a quality in which gap lathes are not unfrequntly deficient." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Break Lathe

"Break lathes can take in work of considerable length as well as of large diameter,—the treble-geared…

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists of a magnet with a graduated compass card attached to it. At the side of the instrument opposite the eye there is a frame which projects upwards from the plane of the instrument in a nearly vertical direction, and this frame contains a wide rectangular slit cut into two parts by a wire extending lengthwise. The eye-piece is opposite this frame, and the observer is supposed to point the instrument in such a manner that the wire above mentioned shall bisect the sun's visible disk. There is a totally reflecting glass prism which throws into the eye-piece an image of the scale of the graduated card, so that the observer, having first bisected the sun's disk by the wire, must next read the division of the scale which is in the middle of the field of view." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Azimuth Compass

"At sea the declination is generally observed by means of an azimuth compass invented by Kater. It consists…

A herbaceous climbing plant. It bears a large, three celled bladder like pod.

Balloon Vine

A herbaceous climbing plant. It bears a large, three celled bladder like pod.

A grasshopper disarticulated and separated into regions, with all the parts named; the segments of the abdomen are numbered and are not alike on the dorsal and ventral surface.

Grasshopper

A grasshopper disarticulated and separated into regions, with all the parts named; the segments of the…

Mouth parts of a mandibulate insect: different types of mandibles at a <em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>d</em>, <em>e</em>; <em>f</em>, the labrum-epipharynx; <em>g</em>, <em>h</em>, types of maxillae; the cardo at <em>c</em>; stipes, <em>st</em>; subgalea, <em>sg</em>; galea as marked; palpus bearer, <em>pfr</em>; palpus at <em>mxp</em>; lacinia at <em>lac</em>; and digitus at <em>dig</em>; <em>i</em>, the labium with sub-mentum, <em>sm</em>, mantum, <em>m</em>, ligula, <em>lig</em>, paraglossa, <em>par</em>, and palpi.

Mandibles

Mouth parts of a mandibulate insect: different types of mandibles at a a, b, c,…

Mouth parts of a plant-louse. -<em>a</em>, the jointed beak; <em>b</em>, the lancets, much enlarged; <em>c</em> and <em>d</em> illustrate the feeler and foot.

Mouth Parts of Plant Louse

Mouth parts of a plant-louse. -a, the jointed beak; b, the lancets, much enlarged;…

Transplanting a plant by a dibber.

Transplanting

Transplanting a plant by a dibber.

A hand-box which protects plants from wind and water running into it.

Hand-box

A hand-box which protects plants from wind and water running into it.

A framed box used to protect plants

Coldframe

A framed box used to protect plants

A method of making a coldframe.

Frame

A method of making a coldframe.

Coldframe against a hedge, and protected by straw mats.

Coldframe

Coldframe against a hedge, and protected by straw mats.

A portable coldframe

Portable Coldframe

A portable coldframe

A portable coldframe

Coldframe

A portable coldframe

A portable coldframe

Coldframe

A portable coldframe

A small coldframe

Small Coldframe

A small coldframe

A hotbed with manure on top of the ground

Hotbed

A hotbed with manure on top of the ground

Parallel runs of hotbeds with racks for holding sashes.

Hotbeds

Parallel runs of hotbeds with racks for holding sashes.

Canker-worm on a plant

Canker-worm

Canker-worm on a plant

Protecting from cut-worms.

Plant Protection

Protecting from cut-worms.

Showing methods of cutting paper to protect plants from maggots.

Plant Protection

Showing methods of cutting paper to protect plants from maggots.

A protection for chrysanthemums

Flower Protection

A protection for chrysanthemums

A potted strawberry plant.

Strawberry Plant

A potted strawberry plant.

A good plant of Brussells Sprouts

Brussels Sprouts

A good plant of Brussells Sprouts

Diagram of nervous system of Crania; from the dorsal side. The nerves running to the dorsal parts are white, with black edges; those running to the ventral parts are solid black.

Brachiopoda

Diagram of nervous system of Crania; from the dorsal side. The nerves running to the dorsal parts are…

The horse-flies or <em>tabanidae</em>, comprise another set of troublesome creatures, of medium or large size. They have short, broad heads, enormous eyes, and short, though many jointed, feelers. The abdomen is oval, a little flattened, and the body convex and powerful. The mouth parts are well developed, consisting of a series of five sharped-pointed lancets so rigid that they readily pierce the skin and draw blood almost as soon as they touch.

Horse Fly

The horse-flies or tabanidae, comprise another set of troublesome creatures, of medium or large…

Ceraphron triticum, parasitic in wheat plant-louse

Wheat Louse

Ceraphron triticum, parasitic in wheat plant-louse

Funaria hygrometrica. Leafy plant with an almost mature sporogonium

Bryophyta

Funaria hygrometrica. Leafy plant with an almost mature sporogonium

Andreaea pelrophila, plant bearing opened capsule

Bryophyta

Andreaea pelrophila, plant bearing opened capsule

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra formed from the archegonial wall and still bearing the neck. The foot of the sporogonium has penetrated into the underlying tissue of the stem of the moss-plant

Bryophyta

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra…

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra formed from the archegonial wall and still bearing the neck. The foot of the sporogonium has penetrated into the underlying tissue of the stem of the moss-plant

Bryophyta

Funaria hygrometrica. Further stages of the development of the sporogonium enclosed in the calyptra…

Plant of ranunculus bulbosus, showing determinate inflorescence

Buttercup

Plant of ranunculus bulbosus, showing determinate inflorescence

Upper part of Flax plant in blossom.

Flax-Plant

Upper part of Flax plant in blossom.

Horse-chestnut in germination; footstalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening the growing parts.

Horse Chestnut in Germination

Horse-chestnut in germination; footstalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening…

Hairy plants of the legume family with pinnate leaves that produce red or purple flowers.

Indigo

Hairy plants of the legume family with pinnate leaves that produce red or purple flowers.

Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are just beginning to thicken; one at the left has grown more; one at the right is still larger.

Sweet-Potato

Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are just beginning to thicken; one at…

Epidendrum conopseum, a small Orchid, and Tillandsia usneoides, the so-called Long Moss or Black Moss, which is no moss, but a flowering plant.

Epiphytes of Florida and Georgia

Epidendrum conopseum, a small Orchid, and Tillandsia usneoides, the so-called Long Moss or Black Moss,…

A young Agave Americana, or Century-plant: Fleshly-leaved.

Century-plant

A young Agave Americana, or Century-plant: Fleshly-leaved.

A young plant of the Houseleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered, and exhibiting the 13-ranked arrangement; and sowing secondary spirals.

Houseleek

A young plant of the Houseleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered, and exhibiting the 13-ranked…

Unisexual flowers of Castor-oil plant: <em>s</em>, staminate flower; <em>p</em>, pistillate flower.

Castor-oil plant

Unisexual flowers of Castor-oil plant: s, staminate flower; p, pistillate flower.

Staminate flower of Moonseed.

Staminate Moonseed

Staminate flower of Moonseed.

Pistillate flower of Moonseed.

Pistillate Moonseed

Pistillate flower of Moonseed.

Flower of Ranunculus bulbosus, or buttercup, insection.

Buttercup

Flower of Ranunculus bulbosus, or buttercup, insection.

Polypetalous corolla of Soapwort, of five petals with long claws or stalk-like bases.

Soapwort

Polypetalous corolla of Soapwort, of five petals with long claws or stalk-like bases.

Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia); gamopetalous: the tube answering to the long claws of the Soapwort, except that they are coalescent: the limb or border (the spreading part above) is <em>five-parted</em>, that is, the petals not there united except at very base.

Standing Cypress

Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia); gamopetalous: the tube answering to the long claws…

The flower of the Cypress-vine.

Cypress-vine

The flower of the Cypress-vine.

Flower of Ipomoea coccinea; limb almost <em>entire</em>.

Ipomoea Coccinea

Flower of Ipomoea coccinea; limb almost entire.

Wheel-shaped or rotate and five-parted corolla of Bittersweet, Solanum Dulcamara.

Bittersweet

Wheel-shaped or rotate and five-parted corolla of Bittersweet, Solanum Dulcamara.