Color illustration of a 25 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Arkansas. This flag was in use from July 04, 1836 until July 3, 1837.

25 Star United States Flag, 1836

Color illustration of a 25 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Arkansas.…

Color illustration of a 26 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Michigan. This flag was in use from July 04, 1837 until July 3, 1845.

26 Star United States Flag, 1837

Color illustration of a 26 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Michigan.…

Color illustration of a 28 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Texas. This flag was in use from July 04, 1846 until July 3, 1847.

28 Star United States Flag, 1846

Color illustration of a 28 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Texas.…

Color illustration of a 29 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Iowa. This flag was in use from July 04, 1847 until July 3, 1848.

29 Star United States Flag, 1847

Color illustration of a 29 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Iowa.…

Color illustration of a 30 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Wisconsin. This flag was in use from July 04, 1848 until July 3, 1851.

30 Star United States Flag, 1848

Color illustration of a 30 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Wisconsin.…

Color illustration of a 31 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of California. This flag was in use from July 04, 1851 until July 3, 1858.

31 Star United States Flag, 1851

Color illustration of a 31 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of California.…

Color illustration of a 32 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Minnesota. This flag was in use from July 04, 1858 until July 3, 1859.

32 Star United States Flag, 1858

Color illustration of a 32 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Minnesota.…

Color illustration of a 33 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Oregon. This flag was in use from July 04, 1859 until July 3, 1861.

33 Star United States Flag, 1859

Color illustration of a 33 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Oregon.…

Color illustration of a 34 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Kansas. This flag was in use from July 04, 1861 until July 3, 1863.

34 Star United States Flag, 1861

Color illustration of a 34 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Kansas.…

Color illustration of a 35 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of West Virginia. This flag was in use from July 04, 1863 until July 3, 1865.

35 Star United States Flag, 1863

Color illustration of a 35 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of West…

Color illustration of a 36 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Nevada. This flag was in use from July 04, 1865 until July 3, 1867.

36 Star United States Flag, 1865

Color illustration of a 36 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Nevada.…

Color illustration of a 37 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Nebraska. This flag was in use from July 04, 1867 until July 3, 1877.

37 Star United States Flag, 1867

Color illustration of a 37 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Nebraska.…

Color illustration of a 38 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Colorado. This flag was in use from July 04, 1877 until July 3, 1890.

38 Star United States Flag, 1877

Color illustration of a 38 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Colorado.…

Color illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington. This flag was in use from July 04, 1890 until July 3, 1891.

43 Star United States Flag, 1890

Color illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Idaho,…

Color illustration of a 44 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Wyoming. This flag was in use from July 04, 1891 until July 3, 1896.

44 Star United States Flag, 1891

Color illustration of a 44 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Wyoming.…

Color illustration of a 45 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Utah. This flag was in use from July 04, 1896 until July 3, 1908.

45 Star United States Flag, 1896

Color illustration of a 45 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Utah.…

Color illustration of a 46 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Oklahoma. This flag was in use from July 04, 1908 until July 3, 1912.

46 Star United States Flag, 1908

Color illustration of a 46 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Oklahoma.…

Color illustration of a 48 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Arizona and New Mexico. This flag was in use from July 04, 1912 until July 3, 1959.

48 Star United States Flag, 1912

Color illustration of a 48 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Arizona…

Color illustration of a 49 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Alaska. This flag was in use from July 04, 1959 until July 3, 1960.

49 Star United States Flag, 1959

Color illustration of a 49 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Alaska.…

Color illustration of a 50 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Hawaii. This flag has been used since July 04, 1960.

50 Star United States Flag, 1960

Color illustration of a 50 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Hawaii.…

Black line illustration of a 13 Star United States flag. The original 13 stars represent the states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. This flag was in use from June 14, 1777 until May 1, 1795.

13 Star United States Flag, 1776

Black line illustration of a 13 Star United States flag. The original 13 stars represent the states…

Black line illustration of a 20 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee. This flag was in use from July 04, 1818 until July 3, 1819.

20 Star United States Flag, 1818

Black line illustration of a 20 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of…

Black line illustration of a 21 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Illinois. This flag was in use from July 04, 1819 until July 3, 1820.

21 Star United States Flag, 1819

Black line illustration of a 21 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 23 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Alabama and Maine. This flag was in use from July 04, 1820 until July 3, 1822.

23 Star United States Flag, 1820

Black line illustration of a 23 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of…

Black line illustration of a 24 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Missouri. This flag was in use from July 04, 1822 until July 3, 1836.

24 Star United States Flag, 1822

Black line illustration of a 24 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 25 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Arkansas. This flag was in use from July 04, 1836 until July 3, 1837.

25 Star United States Flag, 1836

Black line illustration of a 25 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 26 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Michigan. This flag was in use from July 04, 1837 until July 3, 1845.

26 Star United States Flag, 1837

Black line illustration of a 26 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 28 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Texas. This flag was in use from July 04, 1846 until July 3, 1847.

28 Star United States Flag, 1846

Black line illustration of a 28 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 29 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Iowa. This flag was in use from July 04, 1847 until July 3, 1848.

29 Star United States Flag, 1847

Black line illustration of a 29 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 30 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Wisconsin. This flag was in use from July 04, 1848 until July 3, 1851.

30 Star United States Flag, 1848

Black line illustration of a 30 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 31 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of California. This flag was in use from July 04, 1851 until July 3, 1858.

31 Star United States Flag, 1851

Black line illustration of a 31 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 32 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Minnesota. This flag was in use from July 04, 1858 until July 3, 1859.

32 Star United States Flag, 1858

Black line illustration of a 32 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 33 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Oregon. This flag was in use from July 04, 1859 until July 3, 1861.

33 Star United States Flag, 1859

Black line illustration of a 33 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 34 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Kansas. This flag was in use from July 04, 1861 until July 3, 1863.

34 Star United States Flag, 1861

Black line illustration of a 34 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 35 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of West Virginia. This flag was in use from July 04, 1863 until July 3, 1865.

35 Star United States Flag, 1863

Black line illustration of a 35 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 36 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Nevada. This flag was in use from July 04, 1865 until July 3, 1867.

36 Star United States Flag, 1865

Black line illustration of a 36 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 37 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Nebraska. This flag was in use from July 04, 1867 until July 3, 1877.

37 Star United States Flag, 1867

Black line illustration of a 37 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 38 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Colorado. This flag was in use from July 04, 1877 until July 3, 1890.

38 Star United States Flag, 1877

Black line illustration of a 38 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington. This flag was in use from July 04, 1890 until July 3, 1891.

43 Star United States Flag, 1890

Black line illustration of a 43 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of…

Black line illustration of a 44 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Wyoming. This flag was in use from July 04, 1891 until July 3, 1896.

44 Star United States Flag, 1891

Black line illustration of a 44 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 45 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Utah. This flag was in use from July 04, 1896 until July 3, 1908.

45 Star United States Flag, 1896

Black line illustration of a 45 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 46 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Oklahoma. This flag was in use from July 04, 1908 until July 3, 1912.

46 Star United States Flag, 1908

Black line illustration of a 46 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 48 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of Arizona and New Mexico. This flag was in use from July 04, 1912 until July 3, 1959.

48 Star United States Flag, 1912

Black line illustration of a 48 Star United States flag. The additional stars represent the states of…

Black line illustration of a 49 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Alaska. This flag was in use from July 04, 1959 until July 3, 1960.

49 Star United States Flag, 1959

Black line illustration of a 49 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

Black line illustration of a 50 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of Hawaii. This flag has been used since July 04, 1960.

50 Star United States Flag, 1960

Black line illustration of a 50 Star United States flag. The additional star represents the state of…

"Fig. 46. - Raptorial foot of a hawk, Accipiter cooperi. The raptorial is another modification of the insessorial foot. It is advantageous to a bird of pray to be able to spread the toes as widely as possible, that the talons may seize pray like a set of grappling irons; and accordingly the toes are widely divergent from each other, the outer one in the owls and a few hawks being quite versatile. In a raptorial character, the toes are cleft profoundly, or, if united at base, it is by movable webbing; the claws are immensely developed and the under-surfaces of the toes are scabrous or bulbous for greater security of the object grasped." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Raptorial Foot of a Hawk

"Fig. 46. - Raptorial foot of a hawk, Accipiter cooperi. The raptorial is another modification of the…

"Fig. 47. - Raptorial foot of an owl, The raptorial is another modification of the insessorial foot. It is advantageous to a bird of pray to be able to spread the toes as widely as possible, that the talons may seize pray like a set of grappling irons; and accordingly the toes are widely divergent from each other, the outer one in the owls and a few hawks being quite versatile. In a raptorial character, the toes are cleft profoundly, or, if united at base, it is by movable webbing; the claws are immensely developed and the under-surfaces of the toes are scabrous or bulbous for greater security of the object grasped." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Raptorial Foot of an Owl

"Fig. 47. - Raptorial foot of an owl, The raptorial is another modification of the insessorial foot.…

The Colt Police Positive was a revolver manufactured in 1907. "Police-Positive Revolver. Adopted by the Police Departments of the principal cities of the United States and Canada." -Hill, 1921

Colt Police Positive Revolver

The Colt Police Positive was a revolver manufactured in 1907. "Police-Positive Revolver. Adopted by…

The Coat of Arms of George Washington's family. It is said to be in inspiration of the stars and stripes on the flag of the United States.

Washington Family Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of George Washington's family. It is said to be in inspiration of the stars and stripes…

Monticello was Thomas Jefferson's estate in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was built in 1809 and appeared on the nickel and the two dollar bill.

Monticello, Jefferson's Estate

Monticello was Thomas Jefferson's estate in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was built in 1809 and appeared…

Montpelier was James Madison's estate in Orange, Virginia. It was built in 1724.

Montpelier, Madison's Estate

Montpelier was James Madison's estate in Orange, Virginia. It was built in 1724.

Oak Hill Plantation was James Monroe's estate in Loudoun County, Virginia. It was built for the fifth U.S. president in 1808.

Oak Hill Plantation, Monroe's Estate

Oak Hill Plantation was James Monroe's estate in Loudoun County, Virginia. It was built for the fifth…

"In June of 1817 President Monroe took a very extensive journey through the States, visiting all the fortifications ... He was conveyed up the Delaware from Wilminton to the navy-yard in Philadelphia in a barge of the Franklin. The barge was lined and trimmed with crimson velvet, and rowed by sixteen oarsmen, dressed in scarlet vests, white sleeves and trousers." -Abbot, 1902

Monroe's Barge

"In June of 1817 President Monroe took a very extensive journey through the States, visiting all the…

Peacefield or Old House was the estate of both presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams in Quincy, Massachusetts.

Peacefield, Adam's Estate

Peacefield or Old House was the estate of both presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams in Quincy,…

Lindenwald was Martin Van Buren's estate in Albany, New York. It was built in 1841.

Lindenwald, Van Buren's Estate

Lindenwald was Martin Van Buren's estate in Albany, New York. It was built in 1841.

An illustration of flowering plant of the Canadian mayflower, flower (a), and fruit (b). Maianthemum canadense (Canadian May-lily, Canada Mayflower, False Lily-of-the-valley, Canadian Lily-of-the-valley, Twoleaved Solomonseal) is a dominant understory perennial flowering plant in the family Ruscaceae, native to the sub-boreal conifer forests in Canada and the northern United States, from Yukon and British Columbia east to Newfoundland and south to Nebraska and Pennsylvania, and also in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. It can be found growing under both evergreen and deciduous trees.

Canada Mayflower

An illustration of flowering plant of the Canadian mayflower, flower (a), and fruit (b). Maianthemum…

An illustration of a manchineel tree stem and fruit. The Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native to Florida in the United States, the Bahamas, the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. The name "manchineel" (sometimes written "manchioneel") as well as the specific epithet mancinella is from Spanish manzanilla ("little apple"), from the superficial resemblance of its fruit and leaves those of an apple tree. A present-day Spanish name is in fact manzanilla de la muerte, "little apple of death". This refers to the fact that manzanilla is one of the most poisonous trees in the world

Manchineel Tree Stem & Fruit

An illustration of a manchineel tree stem and fruit. The Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a…

Four leaf clover is found in central and southern Europe, Caucasia, western Siberia, Afghanistan, S.W. India, China, Japan and North America. Considered a weed in some parts of the United States where it has been well established in the north eastern States for over 100 years.

Four Leaf Clover

Four leaf clover is found in central and southern Europe, Caucasia, western Siberia, Afghanistan, S.W.…

An illustration of a four leaf clover sporocarp with valves opened. Four leaf clover is found in central and southern Europe, Caucasia, western Siberia, Afghanistan, S.W. India, China, Japan and North America. Considered a weed in some parts of the United States where it has been well established in the north eastern States for over 100 years.

Four Leaf Clover Sporocarp with Valves Opened

An illustration of a four leaf clover sporocarp with valves opened. Four leaf clover is found in central…

"In the palmate or ordinary webbed foot, all the front toes are united by ample webs." Elliot Coues, 1884

Webbed Foot of a Tern

"In the palmate or ordinary webbed foot, all the front toes are united by ample webs." Elliot Coues,…