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A sliced view of a jet condenser with pump. The steam enters at D, while cold water enters at A. The steam and water mixes in E, then enters the pump chamber F. The water mixture is pumped out of the system through pipe G.

Steam Engine Jet Condenser with Pump

A sliced view of a jet condenser with pump. The steam enters at D, while cold water enters at A. The…

"Spirostreptus Vittatus, an Oriental species of the Spirostreptoidea, lateral view, showing the repugnatorial pores of the sides of the segments." —Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Side View of the Spirostreptus Vittatus Millipede

"Spirostreptus Vittatus, an Oriental species of the Spirostreptoidea, lateral view, showing the repugnatorial…

An inside view of the Capell Fan for ventilation in mining. The fan removes the hazardous air from the mine to the atmosphere.

Capell Ventilation Fan for Mining

An inside view of the Capell Fan for ventilation in mining. The fan removes the hazardous air from the…

A furnace apparatus for minting. The metal is first melted in the crucible in flue A. The pulley W is used to pull out the crucible from the flue. The melted metal is transferred to the moulding apparatus, where it gets poured into mouldings by hand.

Furnace Apparatus for Minting

A furnace apparatus for minting. The metal is first melted in the crucible in flue A. The pulley W is…

The front view of a minting press from 1882 Royal Mint. The coin is placed on slide J and lever M is pulled to press the design onto the coin.

Minting Press from Royal Mint Front View

The front view of a minting press from 1882 Royal Mint. The coin is placed on slide J and lever M is…

A side view of the coin press from the Royal Mint from 1882. The coining presses were modified by Uhlhorn of Grevenbroich. The big turns and releases the press to stamp the coins.

Minting Press from Royal Mint Side View

A side view of the coin press from the Royal Mint from 1882. The coining presses were modified by Uhlhorn…

The side view of 1802 Trevithick's Steam Carriage. This horseless carriage is operated by a steam engine in the back, rotating the wheels. The front wheels turn the vehicle, operated by the stick.

Side View of 1802 Trevithick Steam Carriage

The side view of 1802 Trevithick's Steam Carriage. This horseless carriage is operated by a steam engine…

An illustration of a six cylinder Rolls Royce Pullman limousine. The limousine operated at 40 to 50 horsepower with an open driver's compartment. The closed back compartment separated the passengers and the chauffeur.

Six Cylinder Rolls Royce Pullman Limousine

An illustration of a six cylinder Rolls Royce Pullman limousine. The limousine operated at 40 to 50…

A valve side view of the six cylinder Rolls Royce engine, showing the location of the magneto. The magneto is used to ignite fuel in the engine at a high voltage by using a spark plug's gap.

Valve Side View of Six Cylinder Rolls Royce Engine

A valve side view of the six cylinder Rolls Royce engine, showing the location of the magneto. The magneto…

This is a perspective illustration of common tool handles, here is displayed the side view, front view, and top view

Tool Handle

This is a perspective illustration of common tool handles, here is displayed the side view, front view,…

A six cylinder Rolls Royce engine viewed from the carburetor side. The carburetor is used to mix air and fuel in the engine.

Carburetor Side View of Six Cylinder Rolls Royce Engine

A six cylinder Rolls Royce engine viewed from the carburetor side. The carburetor is used to mix air…

An illustration of the Rolls Royce chassis with engine and axle viewed form the top. A chassis is the underneath frame and the gears in the car. The back axle is connected to the shaft coming from the engine.

Top View of Six Cylinder 1910 Rolls Royce Chassis with Engine and Axle

An illustration of the Rolls Royce chassis with engine and axle viewed form the top. A chassis is the…

A side and inside view of the superheated steam vehicle. Water is heated by a heat transferred by the fuel in the front casing of the vehicle. The steam is transferred to the piston, underneath the vehicle, to be compressed and expanded. The piston shaft is moves the bar connected to the wheel to operate the vehicle.

Side and Inside View of Steam Operated Vehicle

A side and inside view of the superheated steam vehicle. Water is heated by a heat transferred by the…

A machine that automatically dispenses consumer goods such as cigarettes, food, or petrol, when money is inserted Also called automat.

Coin Controlled Vending Machine

A machine that automatically dispenses consumer goods such as cigarettes, food, or petrol, when money…

A steam operated wagon with two speed gear. The gears are located at the intermediate shaft, moving the back wheel by a chain drive. The gearing is enclosed to protect it from dust exposure during use.

Steam Operated Wagon with Transmission Gearing with Double Helical Gear

A steam operated wagon with two speed gear. The gears are located at the intermediate shaft, moving…

An illustration of a steam wagon with a transmission with two side chains. The boiler is located on at the front, while the water tank is on the bottom back. The chain connects the back wheel and the engine.

Steam Wagon with Two Side Chains Transmitting Drive

An illustration of a steam wagon with a transmission with two side chains. The boiler is located on…

A steam wagon with single chain, connecting the back wheels to the differential gear. The engine is located at the top of the fuel bunker, connected to the large intermediate gear shaft.

Steam Wagon with Single Chain Transmitting Drive

A steam wagon with single chain, connecting the back wheels to the differential gear. The engine is…

A Yorkshire steam wagon patent with unique boiler construction. The wagon operates with the drive chain connected to the back wheel to the intermediate shaft. The boiler is located at the front oriented sideways, while the engine is located behind the driver.

Yorkshire Steam Wagon Patent

A Yorkshire steam wagon patent with unique boiler construction. The wagon operates with the drive chain…

A side internal and chassis view of Albion car. The car has 16 horsepower and weighs 2 tons. The shaft, in the middle, comes from the engine to the back gears. The back gears are connected to the wheel by a driving chain.

Internal and Chassis View of Albion Car

A side internal and chassis view of Albion car. The car has 16 horsepower and weighs 2 tons. The shaft,…

A side internal and chassis view of the Halley's Van or Lorry. The vehicle have a 20 horsepower engine with gear box at the rear. The speed is adjusted by a lever, adjusting gears at the center. The outside gears are connected to the wheel by a drive chain.

Halley's Van or Lorry with Internal Combustion Vehicle Side and Chassis View

A side internal and chassis view of the Halley's Van or Lorry. The vehicle have a 20 horsepower engine…

"One of the chief advantages of the side—chain drive lies in the fact that there is, with it, less weight below the springs than with any other form of final drive. The only parts below the springs are: the fixed back axle; the chain rings; the road wheels themselves; the road—wheel brakes and part of the weight of the chains." —Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Six Ton Wagon Chassis

"One of the chief advantages of the side—chain drive lies in the fact that there is, with it,…

A back axle of a Leyland petrol wagon illustrating direct drive. The middle casing houses the reducing and differential gear, while the wheel axles are going through the box. The gears are moved by a shaft coming from the engine, rotating the gears and the wheels.

Back Axle of Leyland Six Ton Petrol Wagon

A back axle of a Leyland petrol wagon illustrating direct drive. The middle casing houses the reducing…

A Hallford—Stevens petrol—electric vehicle. The vehicle is considered to be an early hybrid vehicle without battery storage. The vehicle continuously ran to generate power for the back two motors connected to the wheels.

Hallford Stevens Petrol Electric Vehicle Chassis with Two Back Motors

A Hallford—Stevens petrol—electric vehicle. The vehicle is considered to be an early hybrid…

A Halley six cylinder fire engine with centrifugal pump. The fire engine pumps water from the tank in the back to put fire out with the junction hose (located on the side of the vehicle).

Six Cylinder Halley Fire Engine with centrifugal pump

A Halley six cylinder fire engine with centrifugal pump. The fire engine pumps water from the tank in…

A side view of Barford and Perkins water—ballast rollers. The vehicle operated using an internal combustion engine to turn the back tires by a drive chain and stopped by turning the wheel on the right. A stirring chain was connected from the front rollers to the large wheel.

Side View of Barford and Perkins Water Ballast Rollers

A side view of Barford and Perkins water—ballast rollers. The vehicle operated using an internal…

A Marshall's agricultural hydraulic gear tractor. The fuel tank is located on the bottom back of the tractor, while the water tank is under the driver's seat. The back wheel is turned by the engine.

Marshall's Agricultural Hydraulic Gear Tractor

A Marshall's agricultural hydraulic gear tractor. The fuel tank is located on the bottom back of the…

A cross sectional view of an organ flue pipe. The compressed air is sent through A. As the air enters through the pipe, the lip, D, cuts the air. This produces sound for the organ.

Cross Sectional View of Organ Flue Pipe

A cross sectional view of an organ flue pipe. The compressed air is sent through A. As the air enters…

An exterior view of a waters spring governor. The governor is used to regulate fuel by closing and opening the valves. The valve is opened or closed by rotating the two heavy balls.

Exterior View of Waters Spring Governor

An exterior view of a waters spring governor. The governor is used to regulate fuel by closing and opening…

A device used to determine geographic direction, usually consisting of a magnetic needle or needles horizontally mounted or suspended and free to pivot until aligned with the earth's magnetic field.

Route Compass

A device used to determine geographic direction, usually consisting of a magnetic needle or needles…

A cross sectional view of the Pearsons turbine for generating electricity. The turbines, located in P are turned by steam, generating electricity.

Pearsons Turbine for Electricity Generator

A cross sectional view of the Pearsons turbine for generating electricity. The turbines, located in…

"The cylinder covers are also made hollow to permit a circulation of live steam. A cylinder having the annular space (A) filled with steam is said to be jacketed. A liner, L, is often used in jacketed cylinders." —Derr, 1911

Jacketing Piston to Reduce Heat Loss

"The cylinder covers are also made hollow to permit a circulation of live steam. A cylinder having the…

"This valve consists of two pistons connected by a sleeve through which the valve rod passes. This valve rod is prolonged to a small balancing piston, placed directly over the main valve." —Derr, 1911

Cross Sectional View of the High Pressure Cylinder of Piston Valve from USS Massachusetts

"This valve consists of two pistons connected by a sleeve through which the valve rod passes. This valve…

An illustration of Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, where the First Continental Congress assembled.

Outside View of Carpenter's Hall

An illustration of Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, where the First Continental Congress assembled.

An illustration of King Charles wearing a rather large neck tie.

King Charles

An illustration of King Charles wearing a rather large neck tie.

"This arrangement makes it possible to place the valve and steam chest above the valve motion. A rod from the bell crank lever on the reverse shaft E, leads back to the engineer's cab and connects with the reverse lever." —Derr, 1911

Steam Engine Rocker Arrangement with Valve and Reverse Rod in Eccentric Motion

"This arrangement makes it possible to place the valve and steam chest above the valve motion. A rod…

"All fly—wheel governors operate by shifting the eccentric either to change the angular advance, the travel of the valve, or both. The principle of a governor arranged to give decreasing lead under the head of governors." —Derr, 1911

Top View of the Fly Wheel Governor Turning Clockwise

"All fly—wheel governors operate by shifting the eccentric either to change the angular advance,…

"The main valve controls admission, release, and compression; the other (valve) regulates the cut—off only, which may be changed without in any way affecting the other events of the stroke. This cut—off valve may be placed in a separate valve chest, or it may be placed in the back of the main valve." —Derr, 1911

Close up View of Double Sliding Valve Gears from Steam Engine

"The main valve controls admission, release, and compression; the other (valve) regulates the cut—off…

"The governor cam rod operates a plate cam having a curved slot so shaped that it takes place of both the knock—off and the safety cam. The steam arm is keyed to the valve spindle and carries at its lower end a steel die which is free to slip up and down a small amount." —Derr, 1911

Steam Engine Brown Releasing Gear

"The governor cam rod operates a plate cam having a curved slot so shaped that it takes place of both…

"A view of Wilson's invention is shown; a, b, and c, are vance which are attached to and rotate with the drum D, while d, e, and f are stationary guide vanes. Steam enters at the left, passes through the turbine longitudinally, and exhausts at the right." —Derr, 1911

Wilson's Compound Steam Turbine

"A view of Wilson's invention is shown; a, b, and c, are vance which are attached to and rotate with…

"Suppose a hollow cube to be filled with some fluid (water or steam) at a given pressure, and to have an opening in one side that can readily be closed. The arrangement is such that when the outlet is opened, the internal pressure will remain the same. If the outlet is opened, the fluid will rush out, and if the jet is supposed to strike against a board free to move, the jet will exert a force upon the board tending to swing it in the direction of the jet." —Derr, 1911

Apparatus for Measuring Jet Stream of Steam

"Suppose a hollow cube to be filled with some fluid (water or steam) at a given pressure, and to have…

"The accumulator may consist of a large tank in which are numerous plates over which water can flow, or may contain simply water rapidly circulated by artificial means. As the exhaust steam from the engine enters this accumulator, it spreads out over the exposed water surface, and some of it is condensed if there is an excess of pressure due to more steam being supplied by the exhaust than is being utilized by the turbine." —Derr, 1911

Interior View of Rateau Accumulator

"The accumulator may consist of a large tank in which are numerous plates over which water can flow,…

A cross sectional view of Rateau electric generator turbine by Western Electric Company. Steam is used to turn the turbine to generate electricity. The turbine rotates at 1500 revolutions per minute and operates at 1500 horsepower.

Cross Section View of Rateau Turbine Electric Generator by Western Electric Company

A cross sectional view of Rateau electric generator turbine by Western Electric Company. Steam is used…

"The shaft, where it passes through the diaphragm, is fitted to a bronze bushing with a few thousandths of an inch clearance. This bushing seats on the metal surface of the diaphragm with latitude for slight side motion. It is kept to its seat by the steam pressure, but can move sideways to accommodate any whipping motion of the shaft." —Derr, 1911

Sectional View of Kerr Turbine

"The shaft, where it passes through the diaphragm, is fitted to a bronze bushing with a few thousandths…

"The marine turbine of this type (Curtis turbine) installed in the U.S. Cruiser Salem had seven pressure stages with four velocity steps in the first stage, and three in each of the others. Steam passes from the steam chest through the nozzles, each of which may be closed by a valve operated from the governor. The number open at any one time depends upon the load." —Derr, 1911

Cross Sectional View of U.S.S Salem Steam Engine Showing Curtis Turbines

"The marine turbine of this type (Curtis turbine) installed in the U.S. Cruiser Salem had seven pressure…

"The upper bearing with dowel—pins and key fit into corresponding dowel holes and key—way in the bottom of the shaft, and rotate with it. When the oil is supplied to the bearing, under a high pressure, it fills the central circular space between the blocks and forces them slightly apart. The oil then escapes between the annular edges of these two blocks and is collected into a drain and returned to the original supply." —Derr, 1911

Cross Sectional View of Curtis Turbine Step Bearing

"The upper bearing with dowel—pins and key fit into corresponding dowel holes and key—way…

A cross sectional view of a four stage vertical Riedler—Stumpf turbine. The steam enters and exit, indicated by the arrows. The steam spins a series of turbines located in the middle at a high pressure. As the turbine spins, the shaft, located in the middle, produces useable energy.

Cross Sectional View of Four Stage Vertical Riedler Stumpf Turbine

A cross sectional view of a four stage vertical Riedler—Stumpf turbine. The steam enters and exit,…

A two stage condensing Terry turbine from a steam engine. The steam, entering from the top, rotates the two turbines in the casing to generate electricity.

Cross Sectional View of Two Stage Condensing Terry Steam Engine Turbine

A two stage condensing Terry turbine from a steam engine. The steam, entering from the top, rotates…

"Steam enters at E and gradually expands in volume until it exhausts at G. The rotor is usually built in three different diameters to facilitate mechanical construction and to avoid excessively small and excessively large vanes. It is thus possible to use a large number of vanes of the same size." —Derr, 1911

Cross Sectional View of Parsons Turbine

"Steam enters at E and gradually expands in volume until it exhausts at G. The rotor is usually built…

A cross sectional view of Westinghouse Parsons turbine. Steam enters at V and exits at E, turning the turbines, R. The turbines turns the shaft, B, to produce energy to produce electricity. During this process, the steam, at high pressure, is expanded to a lower pressure.

Westinghouse Parsons Turbine Viewed Cross Sectionally

A cross sectional view of Westinghouse Parsons turbine. Steam enters at V and exits at E, turning the…

"In the Curtis turbine, steam is admitted through a series of valves, the number of which depends upon the capacity of the machine. The valves are arranged to open successively, two—thirds of them being open at full load. The action of the valves is so regulated that they are either fully open or fully closed. Any increasing load is taken care of by the opening of an additional valve, this valve closing when the load falls off." —Derr, 1911

Sectional View of Governor for Varying Number of Nozzles Opened

"In the Curtis turbine, steam is admitted through a series of valves, the number of which depends upon…

An illustration of Prince Charles Albert of Carignano, born in Turin on 1798. Prince Albert succeeded Charles Felix in Sardinia in 1831.

Prince Charles Albert of Carignano

An illustration of Prince Charles Albert of Carignano, born in Turin on 1798. Prince Albert succeeded…

"Polypodium widely distributed throughout the world, but specially developed in the tropics. The species differ greatly in size and general appearance and in the character of the frond; the sori or groups of spore—cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the leaf, are globose and naked, that is, are not covered with a membrane (indusium)." —Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910

Common Polypody Leaf with Sori

"Polypodium widely distributed throughout the world, but specially developed in the tropics. The species…

Skull of langur monkey viewed at the side and bottom view. The eyes of the monkey is surrounded by bone and located at the front of the skull. The lower jaw moves vertically.

Lateral and Lower Views of Langur Monkey Skull

Skull of langur monkey viewed at the side and bottom view. The eyes of the monkey is surrounded by bone…

A side view of the howler monkey skull. The monkey have four sharp canines, long teeth on skull, on top and bottom of the jaw.

Side View of Howler Monkey

A side view of the howler monkey skull. The monkey have four sharp canines, long teeth on skull, on…

"In the other forms the number (vertebrae) varies between twenty and thirty three, the latter being spider monkeys. The proportion in the spider monkeys of the genus Ateles, almost three to one; in the other longest—tailed genera it is rarely so large as two to one." —Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Side View of Skeleton of South American Spider Monkey

"In the other forms the number (vertebrae) varies between twenty and thirty three, the latter being…

"The greatest absolute length of the fore—limb occurs in the gorilla and the orangutan. The humerus never has a perforation on the inner side of its lower extremity. Except in the man—like apes, the ulna articulates with the wrist (carpus). The hand is capable of pronation and supination on the fore—arm; and except in man, the chimpanzee and the gorilla there is a centrale in the carpus." —Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Front View of Gorilla Skeleton

"The greatest absolute length of the fore—limb occurs in the gorilla and the orangutan. The humerus…

A piece of furniture consisting of a seat, legs, back, and often arms, designed to accommodate one person.

Dining Chair

A piece of furniture consisting of a seat, legs, back, and often arms, designed to accommodate one person.

A machine that tabulates the amount of sales transactions, makes a permanent and cumulative record of them, and has a drawer in which cash can be kept.

Cash Register

A machine that tabulates the amount of sales transactions, makes a permanent and cumulative record of…

A small bag or pouch for carrying money.

Coin Purse

A small bag or pouch for carrying money.

Camera in which you view the scene through the same lens that takes the picture.

Picture Machine

Camera in which you view the scene through the same lens that takes the picture.