Hornbooks are not what we would think of today as a book, for it was made of a piece of cardboard covered on one side with a thin sheet of horn, and surrounded by a frame with a handle. Through the covering of the horn the little boy could see the alphabet written on the cardboard in both large and small letters. After these would come rows of syllables to help him in learning to pronounce simple combinations of sounds. Probably last on the sheet there would be the Lord's Prayer, which he must be taught to say without mistake.

Children with Hornbooks

Hornbooks are not what we would think of today as a book, for it was made of a piece of cardboard covered…

Alphabet, beginning of the 8th century, Saint Cuthbert's evangeliarium, British Museum.

Romanesque Alphabet

Alphabet, beginning of the 8th century, Saint Cuthbert's evangeliarium, British Museum.

Alphabet, 10th century, British Museum.

Romanesque Alphabet

Alphabet, 10th century, British Museum.

Gothic uncial alphabet, 1349, St. Margaret's, King's Lynn, England.

Gothic Uncial Alphabet

Gothic uncial alphabet, 1349, St. Margaret's, King's Lynn, England.

Gothic uncial alphabet, 14th century.

Gothic Uncial Alphabet

Gothic uncial alphabet, 14th century.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

A, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

A, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

B, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

C, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

D, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

E, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

F, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

G, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

H, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

I, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

K, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

L, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

M, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

N, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

O, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

P, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Q, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

R, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

S, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

T, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

V, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

W, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

X, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Y, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Z, Old English

Old English letter from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old English lowercase letters from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Lowercase Old English

Old English lowercase letters from the tomb of Richard II, Westminster Abbey, about 1400.

Old German letters, 1467.

Old German Alphabet

Old German letters, 1467.

Old German letters.

Old German Alphabet

Old German letters.

Schwabach alphabet, upper and lowercase.

Schwabach Alphabet

Schwabach alphabet, upper and lowercase.

Alphabet by Fr. Thiersch.

Alphabet by Fr. Thiersch

Alphabet by Fr. Thiersch.

Roman Renaissance uppercase alphabet, 1547, specimen beek of John of Yciar, Durango, Biscaya.

Roman Renaissance Alphabet

Roman Renaissance uppercase alphabet, 1547, specimen beek of John of Yciar, Durango, Biscaya.

Roman Renaissance lowercase alphabet, 1553, specimen book of Wolfgang Fugger, Nurenberg.

Roman Renaissance Alphabet

Roman Renaissance lowercase alphabet, 1553, specimen book of Wolfgang Fugger, Nurenberg.

A Apple Pie.

Alphabet

A Apple Pie.

B bit it.

Alphabet

B bit it.

C cut it.

Alphabet

C cut it.

D dealt it.

Alphabet

D dealt it.

E eat it.

Alphabet

E eat it.

F fought for it.

Alphabet

F fought for it.

G got it.

Alphabet

G got it.

H hid it.

Alphabet

H hid it.

J jumped for it.

Alphabet

J jumped for it.

K kept it.

Alphabet

K kept it.

L longed for it.

Alphabet

L longed for it.

M mourned for it.

Alphabet

M mourned for it.

Development of the alphabet.

Alphabet

Development of the alphabet.

"A Typewriter is a machine fitted with types which print by a pressure on the keys with the fingers. The principle, briefly stated, is that of a series of rods pivoted to keyed rods, similar to the action of a pianoforte, the ends of the rods carrying the characters of the alphabet and all striking on a common center. There is a self-inking arrangement, and several minor improvements have been added in recent years, bringing the invention to a high state of perfection. The writing machine called the typewriter was invented at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1867, by C. Latham Sholes, Samuel W. Soule, and Carlos Glidden."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Typewriter

"A Typewriter is a machine fitted with types which print by a pressure on the keys with the fingers.…

Flag signal for the letter A, error, or the number one.

Signal A

Flag signal for the letter A, error, or the number one.

Signal for the letter B, or the number two.

Signal B

Signal for the letter B, or the number two.

Signal for the letter C, the number three, or repeat.

Signal C

Signal for the letter C, the number three, or repeat.

Signal for the letter D, or the number four.

Signal D

Signal for the letter D, or the number four.

Signal for the letter E, or the number five.

Signal E

Signal for the letter E, or the number five.

Signal for the letter F, or the number 6.

Signal F

Signal for the letter F, or the number 6.

Signal for the letter G, and the number seven.

Signal G

Signal for the letter G, and the number seven.

Signal for the letter H, or the number eight.

Signal H

Signal for the letter H, or the number eight.

Signal for the letter I and the number 9.

Signal I

Signal for the letter I and the number 9.