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"Suppose our volume of hydrogen to unite with the volume of chlorine; if one particle of hydrogen combines with one particle of chlorine, it is evident that we should have four pairs; that is four particles of hydrogen chloride. These four particles of hydrogen chloride would occupy the same volume as four particles of hydrogen, or of chlorine, since dqual numbers of particles of gases occupy equal spaces. We should then expect one volume of hydrogen chloride to be formed." -Brownlee 1907

Combinational Volume

"Suppose our volume of hydrogen to unite with the volume of chlorine; if one particle of hydrogen combines…

This figure shows the orientation of molecules as they would appear in a gas or a liquid. The molecules are spaced well enough away from each other so that each may move freely of the molecules around it.

Orientation of Molecules in a Gas or Liquid

This figure shows the orientation of molecules as they would appear in a gas or a liquid. The molecules…

This figure shows the orientation of molecules in a substance in a solid state. The molecules are confined to their own spheres of attraction, and their positions are dependent on the positions of the surrounding molecules.

Orientation of Molecules in a Solid

This figure shows the orientation of molecules in a substance in a solid state. The molecules are confined…

This illustration shows a solid state where the orientation is only partial, as in the case of twin crystals. Here, the molecules of each horizontal row have two of their axes parallel with those above and below them, but not the third.

Partial Orientation of Molecules in a Solid

This illustration shows a solid state where the orientation is only partial, as in the case of twin…

This figure represents a solid state where there is no regularity of molecular orientation, as in the case of amorphous substances.

Solid State Showing No Regularity of Molecular Orientation

This figure represents a solid state where there is no regularity of molecular orientation, as in the…