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"A tray strewn with dust or sand, used in ancient times for calculating. A contrivance for calculating, consisting of beads or balls strung on wires or rods set in a frame."—Wright, 1902

Abacus

"A tray strewn with dust or sand, used in ancient times for calculating. A contrivance for calculating,…

"Abacus is a Latin term applied to an apparatus used by the Chinese for facilitating arithmetical operations, consisting of a number of parallel cords or wires, upon which balls or beads are strung, the uppermost wire being appropriated to units, the next to tens, &c.-In classic architecture it denotes the tablet forming the upper member of a column, and supporting the entablature. In Gothic architecture the upper member of a column from which the arch springs."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Abacus

"Abacus is a Latin term applied to an apparatus used by the Chinese for facilitating arithmetical operations,…

An instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by means of sliding balls or counters.

Abacus

An instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by means of sliding balls or counters.

Two Chinese men use the abacus to calculate for their business. "The abacus was one of the earliest aids to calculation." -Hill, 1921

Chinese Abacus

Two Chinese men use the abacus to calculate for their business. "The abacus was one of the earliest…

Used in businesses and bookkeeping, the adding machine was a device used for calculations. "One of the first successful adding and listing machines (courtesy of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company)." -Hill, 1921

Adding Machine

Used in businesses and bookkeeping, the adding machine was a device used for calculations. "One of the…

A machine for adding and subtracting by mechanical means.

Calculating machine

A machine for adding and subtracting by mechanical means.

A calculator that performs simple arithmetic functions

Adding Machine

A calculator that performs simple arithmetic functions