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"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail, the share-beam, that is, the piece of wood to which the share is fixed, and the pole. In the time and country of Virgil it was the custom to force a tree into the crooked form of the buris, or plough-tail. The upper end of the buris being held by the ploughman, the lower part, below its junction with the pole, was used to hold the dentale or share-beam, which was either sheathed with metal, or driven bare into the ground, according to circumstances. The term vomer was sometimes applied to the end of the dentale. The image distinctly shows the pole (1), the coulter (2), the dentale (3), the buris (4), and the handle (5)." — Smith, 1873

Aratrum

"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail,…

"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail, the share-beam, that is, the piece of wood to which the share is fixed, and the pole. In the time and country of Virgil it was the custom to force a tree into the crooked form of the buris, or plough-tail. The upper end of the buris being held by the ploughman, the lower part, below its junction with the pole, was used to hold the dentale or share-beam, which was either sheathed with metal, or driven bare into the ground, according to circumstances. The term vomer was sometimes applied to the end of the dentale. The image distinctly shows the buris (1), the temo (2), the dentale (3), the culter (4), the vomer (5), and the aures (6)." — Smith, 1873

Aratrum

"A plough. Among the Greek and Romans the three most essential parts of the plough were-the plough tail,…

Also known as Pinus coulteri. The pine cone of a Coulter Pine tree.

Pine Cone of Coulter Pine

Also known as Pinus coulteri. The pine cone of a Coulter Pine tree.

Illustrated is a deep tilling plow equipped with jointer and coulter.

Deep Tilling Plow

Illustrated is a deep tilling plow equipped with jointer and coulter.

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter and mould-board, and occasionally attaching wheels to the beam to prevent the share from going too deep into the earth." — Chambers, 1881

Plough

"The Romans, an essentially practical nation, largely improved on the plough, adding to it the coulter…

The rolling coulter is used chiefly in sod plowing. It can also be used in any soil.

Rolling Coulter

The rolling coulter is used chiefly in sod plowing. It can also be used in any soil.