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Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Side Grafting method.

Side Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

"An instrument for cropping the snuff of a candle, usually fitted with a close box to receive the burnt snuff and retain the smoke and smell." —Whitney, 1889

Silver Snuffers from the 18th Century

"An instrument for cropping the snuff of a candle, usually fitted with a close box to receive the burnt…

"A tool for digging and cutting the ground, having a rather thick iron blade, usually flat, so formed that its terminal edge (either straight or curved) may be pressed into the ground or other resisting substance with one foot, and a handle, usually with a crosspiece at the top, to be grasped by both hands... a, Irish spade with foot-piece; b, Greek spade with foot-piece; c, Japanese spade; d, spade for cutting turf; e, ditching spades; f, post-spade for digging post-holes; g, polished drain-spade with foot-piece; h, long-handled garden spade; i, ditching-spade." —Whitney, 1889

Spades - a Collection of Various Types

"A tool for digging and cutting the ground, having a rather thick iron blade, usually flat, so formed…

A split cut is a cut of gemstone. It is similar to a trap cut.

Split Cut

A split cut is a cut of gemstone. It is similar to a trap cut.

Stone tranchet Neolithic age implement used for cutting. Not drawn to scale.

Neolithic Implements Stone Tranchet

Stone tranchet Neolithic age implement used for cutting. Not drawn to scale.

A flat chisel gives a straight cut, and the chips are flat. Work done with this tool is 'chiseled out'.

Tang Chisel

A flat chisel gives a straight cut, and the chips are flat. Work done with this tool is 'chiseled out'.

Where a chisel has a hollow or round blade, it is called a gouge. A gouge gives a hollow cut, and the chips are curved or crescent shaped. Work done with this tool is called 'gouging'.

Tang Gouge

Where a chisel has a hollow or round blade, it is called a gouge. A gouge gives a hollow cut, and the…

"Rock-cut temple at Ipsambul, on the Nile." —D'Anvers, 1895

Egyptian temple

"Rock-cut temple at Ipsambul, on the Nile." —D'Anvers, 1895

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows Terminal Herbaceous grafting.

Terminal Herbaceous Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

A bench-shears is a tool with two short, stout blades and very long handles, one of them being fitted with a point to hold the shears firm on the bench.

Tinsmith's Shears

A bench-shears is a tool with two short, stout blades and very long handles, one of them being fitted…

A Trap Cut is a cut of gemstone. Emeralds are commonly cut this way.

Trap Cut

A Trap Cut is a cut of gemstone. Emeralds are commonly cut this way.

A young boy trying to chop down a tree with an axe.

Tree Chop

A young boy trying to chop down a tree with an axe.

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton This is shown in the illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton This is shown in the illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton The boxes are shown in this illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton This is shown in the illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton the rear of the stills and the resin vats are shown in this illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

Tar is made from the turpentine by the smothered burning of the wood. When burning the wood, it is placed in a pile resembling a cone with the point cut off.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

Tar is made from the turpentine by the smothered burning of the wood. When burning the wood, it is placed…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unit. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Veneering method of grafting.

Veneering (Grafting)

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

An illustration of a watermelon with a quarter missing.

Watermelon

An illustration of a watermelon with a quarter missing.

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Wedge method of grafting.

Wedge Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different plants in such a way that they shall unite and become an organic unity. The rooted plant which is to receive the graft is called the 'stock'; the cutting which is to be applied to the stock, and to obtain its nourishment from it, is called the 'scion'. This illustration shows the Whip method of grafting. This method is also known as Tongue Grafting.

Whip Grafting

Grafting is a horticultural operation which consists in placing together the two cut surfaces of different…

A window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung, or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.

Casement Window

A window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung,…

In wood working there are a number of fine tools used in cutting wood, in which a single or double shearing blade is used.

Wood Cutting Tool

In wood working there are a number of fine tools used in cutting wood, in which a single or double shearing…