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A symmetrical anticlinal fold, the top of which has been eroded. Near St. Abb's Head, Scotland.

Anticlinal Fold

A symmetrical anticlinal fold, the top of which has been eroded. Near St. Abb's Head, Scotland.

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.

Excavating Purpose Dredger

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow…

Earth pillars protected by a cap of rock and due to rain erosion, Colorado.

Earth Pillars

Earth pillars protected by a cap of rock and due to rain erosion, Colorado.

This illustration shows a cliff, having its lower layers near the level of low tide, extending out as a platform a hundred yards wide.

Erosion

This illustration shows a cliff, having its lower layers near the level of low tide, extending out as…

The curious effect of erosion. This was created by the wind.

Erosion

The curious effect of erosion. This was created by the wind.

Erosion is the removal of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) in the natural environment. It usually occurs due to transport by wind, water, or ice; by down-slope creep of soil and other material under the force of gravity; or by living organisms, such as burrowing animals, in the case of bioerosion. This figure shows the effects of erosion on the rock formation along the coast of the Mendocino Coast in California.

Mendocino Coast Erosion

Erosion is the removal of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) in the natural environment.…

"View of the southeastern slope of the eastern twin of Orenaug Hill. Fault scarps bound the hummocky surface of the block on the northeast and west; the courses of the scarps follow the fringes of trees." -Walcott, 1901

Fault Scarp Slope

"View of the southeastern slope of the eastern twin of Orenaug Hill. Fault scarps bound the hummocky…

"Fault scarps of Orenaug Hill (floating block topography). The view is taken from the top of a cliff in the eastern twin hill." -Walcott, 1901

Fault Scarps

"Fault scarps of Orenaug Hill (floating block topography). The view is taken from the top of a cliff…

Diagrammatic section through the Freiburg region showing the former and present topography and the extensive erosion.

Freiburg Region

Diagrammatic section through the Freiburg region showing the former and present topography and the extensive…

Plan of the joints in the chalk cliffs of Treport, showing how they influence the process of erosion.

Joints

Plan of the joints in the chalk cliffs of Treport, showing how they influence the process of erosion.

"Outcrop showing faults, spur south of Deadwood." -Walcott, 1901

Outcrop

"Outcrop showing faults, spur south of Deadwood." -Walcott, 1901

Diagram showing pitching folds and the topography formed by their erosion.

Pitching Folds

Diagram showing pitching folds and the topography formed by their erosion.

Erosion forms of a jointed sandstone.

Sandstone

Erosion forms of a jointed sandstone.

The floor of the sea was first formed or rocks that had cooled from a state of fusion. The few islands that existed were but exposed portions on the floor. The debris scattered over this foundation would be arranged in layers, as water always arranges its sediments. The coarser materials would be transported by the more powerful action and deposited in one place. The finer materials would be carried beyond and deposited in a remoter region. Here we see (a) the primordial igneous crust, (b) a sea-side cliff gnawed by the waves, (c) the ordinary sea-level, (d) the ruins of the cliff with the coarser deposited near the shore, and the finer floated to greater depths.

Shore Erosion and Distribution of Sediments

The floor of the sea was first formed or rocks that had cooled from a state of fusion. The few islands…

Strata folding after erosion. "No further folding is shown, and erosion has isolated the hard layers as mountain ridges." -Salisbury, 1919

Strata Folding

Strata folding after erosion. "No further folding is shown, and erosion has isolated the hard layers…

A stream incised upon the axis of a broad anticline, where it happened to be located at the beginning of a new cycle of erosion.

Stream on an Anticline

A stream incised upon the axis of a broad anticline, where it happened to be located at the beginning…

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations of hard and soft strata.

Synclinal Region

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations…

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations of hard and soft strata.

Synclinal Region

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations…

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations of hard and soft strata.

Synclinal Region

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations…

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations of hard and soft strata.

Synclinal Region

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations…

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations of hard and soft strata.

Synclinal Region

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations…

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations of hard and soft strata.

Synclinal Region

This illustration represents the effects of erosion of a synclinal region consisting of alternations…