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"If light from a highly luminous body is admitted to a darkened room through a small hole in the shutter and ther received upon a white screen, it will form an inverted image of the object." -Avery 1895

Image by Aperature

"If light from a highly luminous body is admitted to a darkened room through a small hole in the shutter…

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to observe its effects. To witness the phenomena of this instrument, let a room be closed in every direction, so as to exclude the light. Then from an aperture, say of an inch in diameter, admit a single beam of light, and the images of external things, such as trees and houses, and persons walking the streets, will be seen inverted on the wall opposite to where the light is admitted, or on a screen of white paper, placed before the aperture. The reason why the image is inverted will be obvious, when it is remembered that the rays proceeding from the extremities of the object must converge in order to pass through the small aperture; and as the rays of light always proceed in straight lines, they must cross each other at the point of admission. Thus the pencil a, coming from the upperpart of the tower, and proceeding straight, will represent the image of the part at b, while the lower part c, for the same reason, will be represented at d." —Comstock, 1850

Camera Obscura

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to…

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to observe its effects. To witness the phenomena of this instrument, let a room be closed in every direction, so as to exclude the light. Then from an aperture, say of an inch in diameter, admit a single beam of light, and the images of external things, such as trees and houses, and persons walking the streets, will be seen inverted on the wall opposite to where the light is admitted, or on a screen of white paper, placed before the aperture. The reason why the image is inverted will be obvious, when it is remembered that the rays proceeding from the extremities of the object must converge in order to pass through the small aperture; and as the rays of light always proceed in straight lines, they must cross each other at the point of admission. Thus the pencil a, coming from the upperpart of the tower, and proceeding straight, will represent the image of the part at b, while the lower part c, for the same reason, will be represented at d." —Comstock, 1850

Camera Obscura

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to…

"Pass the tube of an air thermometer or of an inverted mercury thermometer through a cork in the neck of a funnel. Cover the thermometer bulb to the depth of about half an inch with water. Upon the water, pour a little sulphuric ether and ignite it. The thermometer below will scarcely be affected, although the water above may be boiling. Stir the water and note the prompt movement of the thermometer index..." -Avery 1895

Funnel with Inverted Mercury Thermometer

"Pass the tube of an air thermometer or of an inverted mercury thermometer through a cork in the neck…

"If an object is placed before a plane mirror, a virtual image appears behind the mirror. Each point of this image seems to be as far behind the mirror as the corresponding point of the object is in front of the mirror. Hence, images seen in still, clear, water are inverted." -Avery 1895

Plane Mirror

"If an object is placed before a plane mirror, a virtual image appears behind the mirror. Each point…

Illustration of a hollow right decagonal pyramid. The base is a decagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top.

Inverted Decagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right decagonal pyramid. The base is a decagon and the faces are isosceles…

Illustration of a hollow right hexagonal pyramid. The base is a hexagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top.

Inverted Hexagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right hexagonal pyramid. The base is a hexagon and the faces are isosceles…

Illustration of a hollow right nonagonal pyramid. The base is a nonagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top.

Inverted Nonagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right nonagonal pyramid. The base is a nonagon and the faces are isosceles…

Illustration of a hollow right octagonal pyramid. The base is an octagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top.

Inverted Octagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right octagonal pyramid. The base is an octagon and the faces are isosceles…

Illustration of a hollow right rectangular pyramid. The base is a rectangle and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top.

Inverted Rectangular Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right rectangular pyramid. The base is a rectangle and the faces are isosceles…

Illustration of a hollow right heptagonal (septagonal) pyramid. The base is a heptagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top.

Inverted Septagonal/Heptagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right heptagonal (septagonal) pyramid. The base is a heptagon and the faces…

Illustration of a hollow right heptagonal (septagonal) pyramid. The base is a heptagon and the faces are isosceles triangles. The pyramid is inverted, meaning that the vertex is at the bottom and the base is on top. The hidden edges are shown in this drawing.

Inverted Septagonal/Heptagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow right heptagonal (septagonal) pyramid. The base is a heptagon and the faces…

"When the drops have their natural position inverted."—Aveling, 1891

Guttée Reversed

"When the drops have their natural position inverted."—Aveling, 1891