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"A form of dough-making machine in common use. It consists of a trough or box, the lower portion of which is semi-cylindrical, hung on a spindle, with a series of iron crossbars revolving inside. It is made to be worked by either hand or steam-power, and of various sizes, as required by bakers. In this machine the whole of the operations connected with setting the sponge, breaking the sponge, and mixing the dough, are performed. The gearing is arranged to give a fast motion for setting the sponge, and a slow motion towards the close of the dough making, when it is desireable to draw out the mass in order to give it a "skin," or smooth superficial texture." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Kneading Machine

"A form of dough-making machine in common use. It consists of a trough or box, the lower portion of…

"A kneading-machine of a highly approved form, used in the great Scipion bakery of Paris, the invention of M. Boland. Externally it is like the former, and it is also geared to move at two rates of rapidity. It has further an adjustment by which the force of the motion is increased while its rate is diminished." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Kneading Machine

"A kneading-machine of a highly approved form, used in the great Scipion bakery of Paris, the invention…

"The trough is a castiron basin, which turns on a vertical axis. The interior is provided with a kneader, shaped like a lyre, which first works up the dough and then divides it during the entire period of operation. Two other implements are also used, of a helical form, to draw out and inflate the dough in all directions, part by part, as is practised in kneading by hand." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Kneading Machine

"The trough is a castiron basin, which turns on a vertical axis. The interior is provided with a kneader,…

"This machine consists of two vertical shafts, carrying radial arms. These arms pass each other in opposite directions, so that, in addition to a tearing action on the dough, which the knives have on passing each other, they have a screw action, pressing the dough down on one side and up on the other. The vessels containing the dough are made of wood, of an oval form, to correspong with the action of the machine." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Vertical Mixer

"This machine consists of two vertical shafts, carrying radial arms. These arms pass each other in opposite…