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"The form of Dumoutier is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation of the tree commences with the inferior limbs and proceeds towards the center, he branches being lowered from time to time as the tree acquires strength. What is most worthy of notice in this method is the management of the subordinates in the pruning for fruit." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dumontier's Fan

"The form of Dumoutier is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation of the tree commences…

"The sugar maple tree resembles the sycamore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States, and in the British possessions, where large quantities of sugar are made. "-Lupton

Gathering Sap to make Maple Sugar

"The sugar maple tree resembles the sycamore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States,…

"The Montreuil form of training. The principal feature is the suppression of the direct channel of the sap, and the substitution of for or more commonly two mother branches, so laid to the wall that the central angle contains about 90 degrees. The other branches are all treated as subordinate members. This form is open to the objection that, if the under branch should die, the upper one cannot be brought down into its place." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Montreuil Fan

"The Montreuil form of training. The principal feature is the suppression of the direct channel of the…

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place when within range of fire. This is a section of covered sap.

Covered Sap

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place…

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place when within range of fire. This is a double sap on the serpentine plan.

Double Sap

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place…

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place when within range of fire. This is sap on a rectangular plan.

Rectangular Sap

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place…

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place when within range of fire. This is a section of single sap, showing portion of gabions.

Single Sap

In military affairs, a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made to a fortress or designed place…

"Mr. Seymour's form approaches more nearly to the French method than any other practised in England, but the direct channel of the sap is not suppressed. It will be seen that the bearing shoots are all on the upper side of the mother branches, and that these bearing shoots are wholly reproduced once a year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Seymour's Fan

"Mr. Seymour's form approaches more nearly to the French method than any other practised in England,…

Tall grasses native to the warm temperate and tropical climates. They contain stout fibrous stalks with sap rich in sugar.

Sugar Cane

Tall grasses native to the warm temperate and tropical climates. They contain stout fibrous stalks with…

"It is a very large tree, the trunk being sometimes three feet in diameter, although it is of little is as a timber tree, the wood being spongy." -Lupton

The Gutta-percha tree

"It is a very large tree, the trunk being sometimes three feet in diameter, although it is of little…