Europe in the Fourth Ice Age, 50,000 B.C.
A map showing the possible outline of Europe and Western Asia at the maximum of the Fourth Ice Age, about fifty thousand years ago. The map shows the present coastal outline in dashed lines, and is keyed to show the supposed areas of land, ice, and w...

Routes of Ancient Commerce, 500 BC
A map showing ancient routes of commerce in western Asia, Africa, and Europe. "The three most commercial nations of antiquity anterior to the Greeks were the Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Carthaginians." (Swinton, 1874) The map shows the Ba...

Persian Empire, 500 BCE
A map of the Persian Empire in 500 BC, color–coded to distinguish between the Persian Empire and the independent Greek territories of Hellas. ...

Persian Empire under Darius, 522–486 BC
A map showing the Persian Empire under Darius I (522–486 BC). The map is color–coded to show the Grecian territory at the time in pink, and the Persian Empire outlined in yellow. This map shows the territories of Thrace, Macedonia, and th...

Persian Empire, 550 B.C. to A.D. 1037
Persian Empire....

Eastern Nations Before the Lydian and Persian Conquests, 560 BC
A map of the Greek and eastern nations showing the regional territories before the period of Lydian and Persian conquests. This map is color–coded to show the Grecian territories outlined in pink and the eastern nations outlined in yellow. The ...

Persian Empire and Greece, 560–490 B.C.
A map of the Persian Empire at the time of Darius I (549–486 BC) and the Ionian Revolt (499–493 BC) between the Greeks and the Persians. The map is color–coded to show the Greek coastal settlements, and the Persian Empire extending ...

The Cradle of Western Civilization, 6,000 to 4,000 BC
A map of the Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt region circa 6,000 to 4,000 BC, subtitled "The Cradle of Western Civilization." The map is keyed to show the land types in the region, including fertile lands, steppes, mountain ridges, forests,...

Saracen Dominions, 622–1492
A map showing the Saracen Dominions at its greatest extent from its expansion under the Prophet Muhammad in 622 to the realms of the Umayyad Caliphate (including southern Spain and Portugal, Sardinia, Cyprus, and the Balearic Isles) in 750–1492...

Median and Chaldean Empires, 6th Century BCE
A map of the Asian and Egyptian region showing the Median and Chaldean Empires in the 6th Century BC. The map is color–coded to show the Median, Chaldean, and Lydian Empires, and the independent empires at the time, including the Egyptians and ...