ClipArt ETC
Cross section of the body of a clam, through the posterior adductor muscles. Arrows indicate water current through the gills.

Clam

Cross section of the body of a clam, through the posterior adductor muscles. Arrows indicate water current…

Structure of a clam's gill. Arrows indicate water currents through the gills.

Clam Gills

Structure of a clam's gill. Arrows indicate water currents through the gills.

Digestive and excretory organs of a clam.

Clam

Digestive and excretory organs of a clam.

The nervous system of a clam.

Clam

The nervous system of a clam.

Young clam, still within the egg membrane. m, adductor muscle; t, hooks by which it attaches itself to the gills or fins of fishes; b, byssus; s, sense organs.

Clam

Young clam, still within the egg membrane. m, adductor muscle; t, hooks by which it attaches itself…

Long clam, buried in the mud. The arrows show the currents in the siphons.

Clam

Long clam, buried in the mud. The arrows show the currents in the siphons.

Hard clam; round clam; Quahog, with foot, siphons and edge of mantle extended.

Clam

Hard clam; round clam; Quahog, with foot, siphons and edge of mantle extended.

The razor shell clam has a shell somewhat resembling in shape and size the handle of a razor.

Razor Shell Clam

The razor shell clam has a shell somewhat resembling in shape and size the handle of a razor.

Mussel; with threads by which it is attached.

Mussel

Mussel; with threads by which it is attached.

The perch is typical of a large group of fishes, all of which have spiny rays. The perch is widely distributed in fresh-water lakes and streams.

Mackerel

The perch is typical of a large group of fishes, all of which have spiny rays. The perch is widely distributed…

The vorticella is an interesting protozoan. It is found on submerged stems and leaves in stagnant water, sometimes appearing like a delicate white fringe.

Vorticella

The vorticella is an interesting protozoan. It is found on submerged stems and leaves in stagnant water,…

In this simple sponge, water enters minute holes in the sides and passes out of the opening at the top of the tube.

Sponge

In this simple sponge, water enters minute holes in the sides and passes out of the opening at the top…

If undisturbed, the body and tentacles may occasionally sway gently. If disturbed, a hydra usually shortens until it is a tiny ball.

Hydra

If undisturbed, the body and tentacles may occasionally sway gently. If disturbed, a hydra usually shortens…

Longitudinal section of a hydra.

Hydra

Longitudinal section of a hydra.

Cross section of a hydra.

Hydra

Cross section of a hydra.

Stinging cells of hydra, highly magnified. Cell containing thread capsule.

Hydra

Stinging cells of hydra, highly magnified. Cell containing thread capsule.

Stinging cells of hydra, highly magnified. Thread capsule partly discharged.

Hydra

Stinging cells of hydra, highly magnified. Thread capsule partly discharged.

Stinging cells of hydra, highly magnified. Thread capsule fully discharged.

Hydra

Stinging cells of hydra, highly magnified. Thread capsule fully discharged.

The common starfish is a five rayed star. The central body is called the disk and the arms are the rays. This is the water tube system of the starfish.

Starfish

The common starfish is a five rayed star. The central body is called the disk and the arms are the rays.…

Poison Hemlock and water hemlock are herbs.

Hemlock

Poison Hemlock and water hemlock are herbs.

A genus of sessile cirripeds, family Balanidae, of which colonies are to be found on rocks at low water.

Balanus

A genus of sessile cirripeds, family Balanidae, of which colonies are to be found on rocks at low water.

Tape-worms live parasitically within other animals, and are often spoken of as Entozoa. This is a single joint, magnified, to show the branched ovary (o) and the water-vascular vessels (v).

Tape-worm

Tape-worms live parasitically within other animals, and are often spoken of as Entozoa. This is a single…

The water flea known as Cypris.

Water Flea

The water flea known as Cypris.

The water flea known as Daphnia.

Water Flea

The water flea known as Daphnia.

The water flea known as Cyclops.

Water Flea

The water flea known as Cyclops.

The mites form with the ticks the order Acarina, and are distinguished by the fact that the abdomen is amalgamated with the cephalothorax to form a single mass.

Mite

The mites form with the ticks the order Acarina, and are distinguished by the fact that the abdomen…

Water bugs, or Hemiptera, are true bugs.

Waterbug

Water bugs, or Hemiptera, are true bugs.

The gills in a lamprey are situated in a number of distinct sacs or pouches which recieve water from the throat, and open externally by a number of separate openings on the side of the neck.

Lamprey

The gills in a lamprey are situated in a number of distinct sacs or pouches which recieve water from…

These wading birds mostly spend their time wading about in shallow water, feeding upon small fishes, shell-fish, worms and insects.

Heron

These wading birds mostly spend their time wading about in shallow water, feeding upon small fishes,…

Foot of Water-ousel.

Water-ousel Foot

Foot of Water-ousel.

A machine used for lifting water, thought to have been invented by Archimedes in egypt for draining and irrigating land.

Archimedes' Screw

A machine used for lifting water, thought to have been invented by Archimedes in egypt for draining…

A boring in the ground through which currents of water rise from various depths toward or above the surface.

Artesian Well

A boring in the ground through which currents of water rise from various depths toward or above the…

The liquid barometer is an instrument used in measuring atmospheric pressure. The liquid barometer uses a method of water rather than a dial with the aneroid barometer.

Liquid Barometer

The liquid barometer is an instrument used in measuring atmospheric pressure. The liquid barometer uses…

The distilling apparatus was used to distill water for drinking.

Distilling Apparatus

The distilling apparatus was used to distill water for drinking.

A machine designed to throw water for the purpose of extinguishing fires.

Fire Engine

A machine designed to throw water for the purpose of extinguishing fires.

A fountain is an artificial basin containing water for drinking or other useful purposes, and connected by an arrangement of pipes through which water is forced to specific heights in ornamental jets.

Fountain

A fountain is an artificial basin containing water for drinking or other useful purposes, and connected…

First day's bombardment, Federal Schooners off Forts Jackson and St. Philip, commanding the passage of the river. The Federal offensive force consisted of six sloops of war, sixteen gunboats and twenty-one mortar vessels. These were accompanied by a large number of storeships, tenders, etc. On the 18th of April, they anchored three miles below Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and prepared for active operations. Captain Porter, commanding the mortar flotilla, wishing to ascertain their range before his actual attack, stationed the <em>Arietta, John Griffiths<em> and <em>Orvetta<em> about two and a half miles from the forts. The <em>Arietta<em> fired the first shot, to which Fort Jackson replied. The Confederate shots fell short more than fifty yards every time, while the effect of our shells on the fort was such that after two explosions the enemy retired from their barbette guns, and afterward only used those in the casemates.

The Great Naval Battle on the Mississippi

First day's bombardment, Federal Schooners off Forts Jackson and St. Philip, commanding the passage…

Passage of the second division of the Federal Squadron past Fort St. Philip. On April 24, 1862 at three o'clock in the morning, the greater part of Commodore Farragut's squadron passed the forts through one of the most terrible fires ever known. It consisted of five sloops of war and nine gunboats. The mortar flotilla and eight war steamers remained below, thus putting the forts between two fires, and cutting off all communication with New Orleans. General Duncan surrendered the forts unconditionally to Captain Porter, on Monday, April 28. There were found about seven hundred men in each fort.

The Great Naval Battle of the Mississippi

Passage of the second division of the Federal Squadron past Fort St. Philip. On April 24, 1862 at three…

Portuguese Man of War floating above the surface of the water.

Portuguese Man of War

Portuguese Man of War floating above the surface of the water.

Fish that often leap high out of the water to escape enemies.

Flying Fish

Fish that often leap high out of the water to escape enemies.

Hydria--a wide-mouthed water jar.

Greek Vase

Hydria--a wide-mouthed water jar.

Hydria--a wide-mouthed water jar.

Greek Vase

Hydria--a wide-mouthed water jar.

Water-leaf carved molding.

Molding

Water-leaf carved molding.

Simple water leaf molding.

Band Molding

Simple water leaf molding.

Enriched water leaf molding.

Band Molding

Enriched water leaf molding.

Simple Simon went a-fishing for to catch a whale. All the water he had got was in his mother's pail.

Simple Simon

Simple Simon went a-fishing for to catch a whale. All the water he had got was in his mother's pail.

He went for water in a sieve, but soon it all ran through.

Simple Simon

He went for water in a sieve, but soon it all ran through.

"[African American] drivers of the baggage train attached to General Pleasonton's Cavalry brigade watering their mules in the Rappahannock. General Pleasonton's cavalry was attended by a very efficient forage brigade, consisting of mules and [African American] riders. Our sketch represents their drivers taking them to water at the river. The hard work these animals will endure is something wonderful, and justifies the high estimation in which they are held in the army." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Baggage Train

"[African American] drivers of the baggage train attached to General Pleasonton's Cavalry brigade watering…

"Infernal machine designed by the Confederates to destroy the Federal Flotilla in the Potomac discovered by Captain budd of the steamer "Resolute." An infernal machine designed by the Confederates to blow up the "Pawnee" and the vessels of the Potomac flotilla, which was set adrift near Aquia Creek, was picked up on the 7th of July, 1861, floating toward the "Pawnee." The following description of the article was sent to the Navy Department: "Two large eighty-gallon oil casks, perfectly watertight, acting as buoys, connected by twenty-five fathoms of three-and-a-half-inch-rope, buoyed with large squares of cork, every two feet secured to casks by iron handles. A heavy bomb of boiler iron, fitted with a brass tap and filled with powder, was suspended to the casks six feet under water. On top of the cask was a wooden box, with fuse in a gutta-percha tube. In the centre of the cork was a platform with a great length of fuse coiled away, occupying the middle of the cask." &mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Infernal machine

"Infernal machine designed by the Confederates to destroy the Federal Flotilla in the Potomac discovered…

"Fire raft sent down from Fort Jackson to destroy the Federal fleet below the fort- the boats of the squadron, with grapnels, buckets, etc. and the ferryboat "Westfield," towing it away from the Federal vessels. On April 17th, 1862, as the fire raft came on, the ferryboat "Westfield" ran into it, and then rapidly backing, poured a tremendous stream of water from a hose at the burning mass as it slowly floated down the river. The "Westfield" was assisted by numerous boats from the fleet, who used their buckets and boathoks to guide it safely away from the vessels at anchor. After a long and desperate conflict with the floating and fiery mass the brave Federal tars triumphed, the fire was extinguished, and only a mass of blackened and half-burned timber remained." &mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Westfield

"Fire raft sent down from Fort Jackson to destroy the Federal fleet below the fort- the boats of the…

"First naval battle in Hampton Roads between the Confederate iron-plated steamers <em>Merrimac, Yorktown</em>, and <em>Jamestown</em>, and the Federal wooden sailing frigates <em>Cumberland</em> and <em>Congress</em>- sinking of the <em>Cumberland</em> by a blow from the <em>Merrimac</em>, March 8th, 1862- sketched by our special artist. About noon on the 8th, a suspicious-looking vessel, looking like a submerged house, with the roof only above water, was discovered, moving down from Norfolk, by the channel in front of Sewall's Point batteries. There was nothing protruding above the water but a flagstaff flying the Confederate flag and a short smokestack. She moved along slowly, and turned into the channel leading to Newport News, and steamed direct for the wooden sailing frigates <em>Cumberland</em> and <em>Congress</em>, which were lying at the mouth of James River. As soon as she came within range of the <em>Cumberland</em>, the latter opened on her with her heavy guns; but the balls struck and glanced off without effect. In the meantime, as the <em>Merrimac</em> was approaching the two frigates on one side, the Confederate ironclad steamers <em>Yorktown</em> and <em>Jamestown</em> came down James River, and engaged the frigates on the other side. The batteries at Newport News also opened on the <em>Yorktown</em> and <em>Jamestown</em>, and did all in their power to assist the <em>Cumberland</em> and <em>Congress</em>, which, being sailing vessels, were at the mercy of the approaching steamers. The <em>Merrimac</em>, in the meantime, kept steadily on her course, and slowly approached the <em>Cumberland</em>, when she and the <em>Congress</em>, at a distance of one hundred yards, rained full broadsides on the ironclad monters without effect. After receiving the first broadside of the two frigates, she ran on to the <em>Cumberland</em>, striking her about midship, and literally laying open her bow, left her to sink, while she engaged the <em>Congress</em>, which lay about a quarter of a mile distant. The <em>Congress</em>, having no regular crew on board of her, and seeing the hopelessness of resisting the ironclad steamer, at once struck her colors." &mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

First naval battle

"First naval battle in Hampton Roads between the Confederate iron-plated steamers Merrimac, Yorktown,…

"Second naval battle in Hampton Roads- fight between the Federal ironclad <em>Monitor</em>, of two guns, and the Confederate iron-plated steamers <em>Merrimac, Yorktown</em>, and <em>Jamestown</em>, carrying twenty-four guns, March 9th, 1862. But the gloom that had begun to settle on the fort was greatly dispelled when, toward midnight, an iron marine monster, unlike anything that had ever before been seen on the ocean, made its appearance off the forts. It proved to be the Ericsson iron floating battery of two guns, just from new York. The state of affairs was hastily explained to her commander, and she steamed off to the rescue of the deserted <em>Minnesota</em>. When day dawned the Confederate flotilla, flushed with the success of the previous day, bored down on what was supposed to be an easy prey. the <em>Yorktown</em> and <em>Jamestown</em> drawing least water (The <em>Merrimac</em> evidently afraid of grounding) were ahead, when their course was suddenly stopped by the strange craft, which seemed to have dropped from the clouds. They thought to overcome her easily, and opened fire confidently; but a few of the heavy shot of the <em>Monitor</em>, which battered through and through their iron sides, drove them back in panic behind the gigantic <em>Merrimac</em>, against which the <em>Monitor</em> advanced in turn. And then commenced the most extraordinary naval contest known to history- the first battle between ironclad steamers every fought, and one in which all the appliances of modern skill were brought in conflict. The fight lasted for nearly five hours, when the <em>Yorktown</em> and <em>Jamestown</em> fled up the James River, and the <em>Merrimac</em>, disabled, and in a sinking condition, retreated into Norfolk. The <em>Minnesota</em>, having grounded, was then got off, and the <em>Mintor</em>, a proud proof of the designer's genius and skill, rode undisputed monarch of Hampton waters." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Second Naval Battle

"Second naval battle in Hampton Roads- fight between the Federal ironclad Monitor, of two guns,…

"Occupation of Norfolk, VA., by the Federal troops- view of the city- Federal vessels at anchor." —Leslie, 1896

Occupation of Norfolk

"Occupation of Norfolk, VA., by the Federal troops- view of the city- Federal vessels at anchor." —Leslie,…

"Desperate naval combat between the Confederate iron-plated ram <em>Arkansas</em> and the Federal gunboat <em>Carondelet</em>, at the mouth of the Yazoo River, Tuesday, July 15th, 1862. Next to the ever-memorable combat between the <em>Merrimac</em> and the <em>Monitor</em>, that of the <em>Carondelet</em> and the <em>Arkansas</em> was the most exciting. Like the former engagement, it ended in a drawn battle. On July 14th, 1862, the gunboats <em>Carondelet</em> and <em>Tyler</em> were sent by Commodore Farragut to survey the Yazoo River and ascertain the exact condition of the Confederate iron-plated ram <em>Arkansas</em>, about which there were various reports. They arrived at the mouth of the Yazoo, fifteen miles above Vicksburg, at seven o'clock in the evening, and anchored for the night. Next morning at daylight they tipped anchor and slowly steamed up the Yazoo, the <em>Tyler</em> considerably in advance. About two miles up the river smoke was seen across a little point of land, which, as Captain Gwin of the <em>Tyler</em> surmised, proceeded from the Confederate ram, now rapidly steaming toward the <em>Tyler</em>. In another moment a heavy report was heard from the enigmatical gunboat, and a huge round shot went howling over the deck of the <em>Tyler</em>. Captain Walke of the <em>Carondelet</em> ordered the <em>Tyler</em> to proceed with all speed to alarm the fleet and advise it to prepare for her approach while he engaged the Confederate monster. In ten minutes afterward the <em>Carondelet</em> and <em>Arkansas</em> were alongside each other, and the conflict commenced in earnest. The <em>Carondelet</em> commenced with her bow guns, striking her opponent with a rapidity and precision which the enormous strength of the iron plating alone prevented taking immediate effect. The <em>Arkansas</em> used in return her rifled and guns with terrible effect, some of the shots going right through the <em>Carondelet</em>. Seeing her inability to cope with her antagonist, Captain Walke ran the <em>Carondelet</em> alongside the <em>Arkansas</em> and grappled her. The order "Boarders away!" was instantly passed, and the crew of the Federal gunboat speedily mounted the deck of its adversary. When there they found no foe to engage. The crew of the Arkansas had retired below, and the iron hatches were closed, so that it was uttlerly impossible to go down and continue the action." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Combat at Yazoo River

"Desperate naval combat between the Confederate iron-plated ram Arkansas and the Federal gunboat…

"Removing sunken schooners from Core Sound, N. C., placed to obstruct the passage of the Federal gunboats, under the superintendence of Captain Hayden, of the New York Submarine Engineering Company. The perverse ingenuity which the Confederates showed in obstructing the channels which led to their strongholds was only exceeded by the persistent ingenuity with which the Federal officers removed them. The Confederates obstructed the channel of Core Sound by sinking schooners; but under the superintendence of Captain Hayden, of the New York Submarine Engineering Company, they were removed by blasting. The shock was perceptibly felt a considerable distance, and it was some time before the water resumed its usual appearance." —Leslie, 1896

Schooners

"Removing sunken schooners from Core Sound, N. C., placed to obstruct the passage of the Federal gunboats,…

"Encampment of the Federal army near Rolla, Mo. The city of Rolla has been famous since the death of heroic Lyon, when the scattered forces of that glorious but disastrous day, under the guidance of General Siegel, made their first secure resting place. Our illustration is particularly interesting, as it takes in the last encampment of the Federal Army, showing the positions of the chief divisions of Generals Asboth, Siegel and Wymans. Rolla is on the direct route of the railroad from St. Louis to Springfield, being about midway between those cities. It is about sixty miles from Pilot Knob and fifty from Jefferson City. Our artist said: "The high rolling country around Rolla is admirably adapted for a camping ground. Fine streams of clear water intersect in all directions; the ground is gravelly and dry, and all the hills are covered with oak timber. The camping grounds are all gently sloping, facing the south, and are well protected from the cold north and northwest winds by the high ridges on the north."" —Leslie, 1896

Rolla Camp

"Encampment of the Federal army near Rolla, Mo. The city of Rolla has been famous since the death of…

"Reconnoissance of Warsaw Sound, December 5th, 1861, by a detachment of gunboats under Captain Rodgers, Savannah in the distance." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Warsow Sound

"Reconnoissance of Warsaw Sound, December 5th, 1861, by a detachment of gunboats under Captain Rodgers,…

"Landing state prisoners at Fort Lafayette, New York harbor, in 1861. Fort Lafayette, New York harbor, by the state prison of the republic during the Civil War, is built upn a shoal abut four hundred yards from Long Island, and is entirely surrounded by water. In shape it is quadrangular, with the angles pointing to the sea and shore diamondwise; hence it was formerly called Fort Diamond." —Leslie, 1896

State Prisoners at Fort Lafayette

"Landing state prisoners at Fort Lafayette, New York harbor, in 1861. Fort Lafayette, New York harbor,…

"The Burnside Expedition- melancholy deaths of Colonel J. W. Allen, Surgeon Waller and the Second Mate of the <em>Ann E. Thompson</em>, on January 15th, 1862, near Hatteras Inlet." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Burnside Expedition

"The Burnside Expedition- melancholy deaths of Colonel J. W. Allen, Surgeon Waller and the Second Mate…

"Camp Wool, two miles from Fort Clark, Hatteras Island, occupied by Hawkins's Zouaves, Ninth Regiment, New York Volunteers, in October, 1861. Camp Wool, which was occupied by the New York Ninth Regiment of Volunteers, was about two miles from Fort Hatteras, and situated on the Pamlico side of the island, in order to be partially sheltered from the Atlantic gales. Besides, as any sudden attack must come from the sound, it put the troops in a better spot to keep a bright look out. The Ninth Zouaves were in an excellent state of discipline, and reflected great credit upon their colonel, Rush Hawkins, who fought his way bravely through the Mexican war. It numbered one thousand and forty-six men. Until the unfortunate capture of the <em>Fanny</em>, it had not lost a single man, although it had been engaged in numerous skirmishes with the Confederates at Newport News." —Leslie, 1896

Camp Wool

"Camp Wool, two miles from Fort Clark, Hatteras Island, occupied by Hawkins's Zouaves, Ninth Regiment,…