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"Suppose a red hot ball to be placed in the principle focus of the mirror, a, the rays of heat and light proceeding from it will be reflected in the parallel lines 1, 2, 3 etc." -Comstock 1850

Reflection of Heat Using Concave Mirrors

"Suppose a red hot ball to be placed in the principle focus of the mirror, a, the rays of heat and light…

"Suppose the object o to be at such a distance, that the rays of light from it pass in parallel lines, p, p, to the great reflector, r, r. this reflector being concave, the rays are converged by reflection, and cross each other at a, b which the image is inverted. The rays then pass to the small mirror, b, which being also concave, they are thrown back in nearly parallel lines, and having passed the aperture in the centre of the great mirror, fall on the plano-convex lens e." -Comstock 1850

Refracting Telescope

"Suppose the object o to be at such a distance, that the rays of light from it pass in parallel lines,…

"Hold a lamp reflector or other large concave mirror directly facing the sun, so as to bring the rays of light to a focus...At some point, W, between F and C, the center of curvature of the reflector, hang a loud-ticking watch, and hunt for the point, X, at which the ear can most distinctly hear the ticking. Moving the reflector will render the sound inaudible." -Avery 1895

Reflection of Sound Using a Reflector

"Hold a lamp reflector or other large concave mirror directly facing the sun, so as to bring the rays…

"Regular reflection results from the incidence of radiant energy upon a polished surface. When a beam of light falls upon a mirror, the greater part of it is reflected in a definite direction as is illustrated, and forms an image of the object from which it came. A perfect mirror would be invisible." -Avery 1895

Regular Reflection

"Regular reflection results from the incidence of radiant energy upon a polished surface. When a beam…

"If an object is placed before a plane mirror, a virtual image appears behind the mirror. Each point of this image seems to be as far behind the mirror as the corresponding point of the object is in front of the mirror. Hence, images seen in still, clear, water are inverted." -Avery 1895

Plane Mirror

"If an object is placed before a plane mirror, a virtual image appears behind the mirror. Each point…

"The construction for the image produced by a plane mirror depends upon the fact that the image of the object may be located by locating the images of a number of well chosen points in the surface of the object." -Avery 1895

Object in Plane Mirror

"The construction for the image produced by a plane mirror depends upon the fact that the image of the…

"By placing two plane mirrors facing each other, we may produce an indefinite series of images of an object between them. Each image acts as a material object with respect to the other mirror, in which we see an image of the first image, etc. When the mirrors are placed so as to form with each other an angle that is an aliquot part of 360 degrees, the number of images is one less than the quotient obtained by dividing four right angles by the included angle, provuded that quotient is an even number." -Avery 1895

Multiple Images in a Plane Mirror

"By placing two plane mirrors facing each other, we may produce an indefinite series of images of an…

"The foci of concave mirrors may be in front of the mirror, in which case they are real; or they may be behind teh mirror, in which case they are virtual." -Avery 1895

Foci of Concave Mirror

"The foci of concave mirrors may be in front of the mirror, in which case they are real; or they may…

"When the rays diverge from a point beyond the center of curvature, as B, the focus falls on the same axis, at a distrance from the mirror greater than that of the principal focus, and less than that of the center of curvature." -Avery 1895

Rays Diverging from Beyond the Center of Curvature on a Concave Mirror

"When the rays diverge from a point beyond the center of curvature, as B, the focus falls on the same…

"When the rays diverge form a point at a distance from the mirror less than that of the principal focus, the reflected rays diverge as if from a point back of the mirrir. This point, b, is a virtual focus." -Avery 1895

Rays Diverging from Beyond the Center of Curvature on a Concave Mirror

"When the rays diverge form a point at a distance from the mirror less than that of the principal focus,…

"The focus of each point chose may be determined by tracing two rays from the point, and locating their real or apparent intersection after reflection by the mirror. The two rays most convenient for this purpose are teh oen that lies along the axis fo the point, and the one that lies parallel to the principal axis of the mirror." -Avery 1895

Concave Mirror with Image and Focus

"The focus of each point chose may be determined by tracing two rays from the point, and locating their…

"When the object is at a distance from the mirror somewhat greater than the center of curvature, as beyond C, the image is real, inverted, smaller than the object, and at a distance from the mirror greater than that of the principle focus and less than that of the center of curvature, as between F and C." -Avery 1895

Image Beyond the Curvature of a Concave Mirror

"When the object is at a distance from the mirror somewhat greater than the center of curvature, as…

"The spherical aberration of a concave mirror is the deviation of some of the reflected light from the focus, as shown It arises from the curvature of the mirror, and causes an indistinctness or blurring of the image." -Avery 1895

Spherical Aberration of a Concave Mirror

"The spherical aberration of a concave mirror is the deviation of some of the reflected light from the…

"A convex mirror is generally a part of the other surface of a spherical shell. It increases the divergence, or decreases the convergence of light that falls upon it. The foci are virtual; the principal focus is midway between the center of the mirror and the center of curvature. The foci may be located and the images determined by processes closely similar to those used for concave mirrors, as illustrated." -Avery 1895

Convex Mirror

"A convex mirror is generally a part of the other surface of a spherical shell. It increases the divergence,…

"Rays from an object showing the reproduction of an image in a convex mirror." -Avery 1895

Convex Mirror Reproducing an Image of an Arrow

"Rays from an object showing the reproduction of an image in a convex mirror." -Avery 1895

"In the Deprez-d'Arsonval dead-beat galvanometer, a moveable coil is suspended between the poles of a string, permanent U-magnet that is fixed. The coil consists of many turns of fine wire the terminals of which above and below serve as the supporting axis. Within the coil is an iron tube that is supported form the back, and that serves to concentrate the magnetic field. The passage of current turns the coil, and sets it so that its plane encloses a larger number of liens of force. this movement of the coil turns the mirror by means of which the angles of deflection are read with a telescope and scale." -Avery 1895

Deprez-d'Arsonval Dead-Beat Reflecting Galvanometer

"In the Deprez-d'Arsonval dead-beat galvanometer, a moveable coil is suspended between the poles of…

"Light projected by a parabolic reflector." —Croft 1917

Parabolic Reflector

"Light projected by a parabolic reflector." —Croft 1917

"Heat is radiated at C, which is placed at mirror A's focus. Mirror A catches some of the heat and reflects it across to mirror B which focuses the heat on D." —Quackenbos 1859

Reflection of Radiant Heat

"Heat is radiated at C, which is placed at mirror A's focus. Mirror A catches some of the heat and reflects…

"A plane mirror reflects from a flat surface, like a common looking glass." —Quackenbos 1859

Plane Mirror

"A plane mirror reflects from a flat surface, like a common looking glass." —Quackenbos 1859

"A concave mirror reflects from a curved surface hollowing in like he inside of an orange." —Quackenbos 1859

Concave Mirror

"A concave mirror reflects from a curved surface hollowing in like he inside of an orange." —Quackenbos…

"A convex mirror reflects from a curved surface rounding out like the outside of an orange." —Quackenbos 1859

Convex Mirror

"A convex mirror reflects from a curved surface rounding out like the outside of an orange." —Quackenbos…

"Mirror A/B is only half of person C's height. C is able to view his entire body through such a small mirror due to the angle of incidence from D to B to F." —Quackenbos 1859

Angle of Incidence and Reflection

"Mirror A/B is only half of person C's height. C is able to view his entire body through such a small…

"Parallel rays of light strike the concave mirror. The rays converge at the focus, F, which is halfway between the mirror surface and the center of the sphere that the mirror would form if it were a full sphere." —Quackenbos 1859

Reflection from Concave Mirrors

"Parallel rays of light strike the concave mirror. The rays converge at the focus, F, which is halfway…

"Parallel rays strike the convex mirror, reflect, and diverge as if they had originated from a virtual focus inside the mirror. Focus F is located between the surface of the mirror and the mirror's center if it were a full body sphere." —Quackenbos 1859

Reflection by Convex Mirrors

"Parallel rays strike the convex mirror, reflect, and diverge as if they had originated from a virtual…

Image of vocal apparatus as seen in the laryngoscopic mirror held far back in the mouth.

Vocal Apparatus

Image of vocal apparatus as seen in the laryngoscopic mirror held far back in the mouth.

A boy's mother is getting ready to go out while her son is already thinking up some mischief.

Mother Going Out

A boy's mother is getting ready to go out while her son is already thinking up some mischief.

A suitor in front of the mirror practicing and admiring himself.

Beau

A suitor in front of the mirror practicing and admiring himself.

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

German Mirror-Frame

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

German Mirror-Frame

The German mirror frame was made in the 18th century. A mirror surrounded by scroll work.

The engraved illustration of the Fall of Lucifer from the block book, Speculum Humanae Salvationis (Mirror of Human Salvation).

Speculum Humanae Salvationis

The engraved illustration of the Fall of Lucifer from the block book, Speculum Humanae Salvationis (Mirror…

The engraving, Music from 'Mirrour of the World' by William Caxton, the first English printer.

Music

The engraving, Music from 'Mirrour of the World' by William Caxton, the first English printer.

A tailpiece or page footer with two mirrored birds.

Bird Tailpiece

A tailpiece or page footer with two mirrored birds.

An illustration of a decorative mirror case depicting the storming of the castle of Love.

Decorative Mirror Case

An illustration of a decorative mirror case depicting the storming of the castle of Love.

Binocular telescopes, or binoculars (also known as field glasses), are two identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects.

Binocular Telescope

Binocular telescopes, or binoculars (also known as field glasses), are two identical or mirror-symmetrical…

An illustration of a woman looking at her reflection in a mirror.

Woman Looking in Mirror

An illustration of a woman looking at her reflection in a mirror.

An illustration of a woman looking at her reflection in a mirror.

Woman Looking in Mirror

An illustration of a woman looking at her reflection in a mirror.

An illustration of a boy trying on a hat and looking at his reflection in the mirror.

Boy Trying on Hat and Looking at His Reflection

An illustration of a boy trying on a hat and looking at his reflection in the mirror.

An illustration of a woman looking into a mirror.

Woman Looking in Mirror

An illustration of a woman looking into a mirror.

An illustration of a woman looking at her reflection in a mirror.

Woman Looking in Mirror

An illustration of a woman looking at her reflection in a mirror.

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the railroad tracks are not perpendicular to the highway. If the Skewed Crossing sign is used, the symbol should show the direction of the crossing (near left to far right as shown in Figure 8B-5, or the mirror image if the track goes from far left to near right). If the Skewed Crossing sign is used where the angle of the crossing is significantly different than 45 degrees, the symbol should show the approximate angle of the crossing.

Skewed Crossing, Black and White

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the…

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the railroad tracks are not perpendicular to the highway. If the Skewed Crossing sign is used, the symbol should show the direction of the crossing (near left to far right as shown in Figure 8B-5, or the mirror image if the track goes from far left to near right). If the Skewed Crossing sign is used where the angle of the crossing is significantly different than 45 degrees, the symbol should show the approximate angle of the crossing.

Skewed Crossing, Color

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the…

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the railroad tracks are not perpendicular to the highway. If the Skewed Crossing sign is used, the symbol should show the direction of the crossing (near left to far right as shown in Figure 8B-5, or the mirror image if the track goes from far left to near right). If the Skewed Crossing sign is used where the angle of the crossing is significantly different than 45 degrees, the symbol should show the approximate angle of the crossing.

Skewed Crossing, Outline

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the…

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the railroad tracks are not perpendicular to the highway. If the Skewed Crossing sign is used, the symbol should show the direction of the crossing (near left to far right as shown in Figure 8B-5, or the mirror image if the track goes from far left to near right). If the Skewed Crossing sign is used where the angle of the crossing is significantly different than 45 degrees, the symbol should show the approximate angle of the crossing.

Skewed Crossing, Silhouette

The Skewed Crossing sign may be used at a skewed highway-rail grade crossing to warn drivers that the…

This toilet-glass was designed in Paris, France. It is a mirror that is designed with gems, engraved in pure gold and silver ornaments.

Toilet-Glass

This toilet-glass was designed in Paris, France. It is a mirror that is designed with gems, engraved…

This toilet mirror is made out of silver and includes six branches of candle holders. The style is a Louis the 15th, with flowers, birds and squirrels.

Toilet Mirror

This toilet mirror is made out of silver and includes six branches of candle holders. The style is a…

This fireplace with mirror is richly decorated with figures and scrolls.

Fireplace with Mirror

This fireplace with mirror is richly decorated with figures and scrolls.

The sideboard and mirror is a type of dresser with mirror.

Sideboard and Mirror

The sideboard and mirror is a type of dresser with mirror.

The dressing table, chair and footstool are all designed to compliment each other. The dressing table has a mirror that can swing around.

Dressing Table, Chair and Footstool

The dressing table, chair and footstool are all designed to compliment each other. The dressing table…

This console table with mirror is decorated with elaborate fruit, leaves and flowers. It is used for decorative purposes.

Console Table with Mirror

This console table with mirror is decorated with elaborate fruit, leaves and flowers. It is used for…

This console table and mirror was designed in London, England. The frame is carved in American pine and lime tree woods. It is double gilted in matte and burnished gold.

Console Mirror and Table

This console table and mirror was designed in London, England. The frame is carved in American pine…

This console table and mirror has a scroll design all around the framework. The table has shelving compartments and is made out of English walnut wood.

Console Mirror and Table

This console table and mirror has a scroll design all around the framework. The table has shelving compartments…

This hand mirror is elegantly decorated with small flowers, leaves, and small female figures on each corner.

Hand Mirror

This hand mirror is elegantly decorated with small flowers, leaves, and small female figures on each…

This sideboard, mirror and candelabrums are all richly designed with figures, fruits and foliage.

Sideboard, Mirror and Candelabrums

This sideboard, mirror and candelabrums are all richly designed with figures, fruits and foliage.

These two women are dressed in early 20th century lady's outfits. The lady in the front is wearing a two piece striped suit with a belt at the hip. The lady behind her is wearing a long floral dress with a belt at the waist. They are both standing in front of a large mirror. The lady behind is styling the other lady's hair.

Early 20th Century Lady's Outfit

These two women are dressed in early 20th century lady's outfits. The lady in the front is wearing a…

This is a combination tool featuring a glass cutter and knife. A glass cutter is a hand tool which aids in the cutting of flat or sheet glass.

Combined Knife and Scissors Glass Cutter

This is a combination tool featuring a glass cutter and knife. A glass cutter is a hand tool which aids…

An apparatus used to photograph images in a light microscope. The long camera is connected to the eye piece while the microscope uses a mirror to light the specimen. The image is captured on the photographic plate.

Micrographic Apparatus with Camera and Microscope

An apparatus used to photograph images in a light microscope. The long camera is connected to the eye…

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud using a compass. The compass measures the direction of the cloud moving, while the center metal reflects the sky.

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope Horizontal Mirror Projection

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud using a compass. The compass…

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud. The horizontal mirror reflects the sky, matching the cloud's motion.

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope Horizontal Compass Projection

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud. The horizontal mirror reflects…

The inside view of Abbe's Marine Nephoscope used to measure the cloud's direction and velocity on a boat. The rounded middle part of the nephoscope is the mirror with the compass is along the circumfrance.

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope Inside View

The inside view of Abbe's Marine Nephoscope used to measure the cloud's direction and velocity on a…

Marvin's Nephoscope to measure direction and velocity of the cloud. This nephoscope is used on land, and made out of a mirror with a string attached to the scale.

Marvin's Nephoscope

Marvin's Nephoscope to measure direction and velocity of the cloud. This nephoscope is used on land,…