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"Millard Filmore, Secretary of State and involved in the Compromise of 1850."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

Millard Filmore

"Millard Filmore, Secretary of State and involved in the Compromise of 1850."—E. Benjamin Andrews…

"The rendition of Anthony Burns in Boston."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

Anthony Burns

"The rendition of Anthony Burns in Boston."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

"An irrigated orange grove at Riverside, California."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

Orange Grove

"An irrigated orange grove at Riverside, California."—E. Benjamin Andrews 1895

Found in California, the California partridge averages aproximately nine and a quarter inches in length, with a crest of six long feathers on its head.

California Partridge

Found in California, the California partridge averages aproximately nine and a quarter inches in length,…

The old Colony Seal.

Colony Seal

The old Colony Seal.

"Weighing six to twelve pounds; it feeds on mollusca, crustacea, and young fish; inhabits sandy banks and muddy grounds in the seal is sometime staken with hooks and sometimes with spears, though more generally with trawl-nets." — Goodrich, 1859

Plaice

"Weighing six to twelve pounds; it feeds on mollusca, crustacea, and young fish; inhabits sandy banks…

"Penn's Seal and Signature. This is a representation of the seal and signature of William Penn attached to the Pennsylvania charter. The names of the subscribing witnesses to the instrument are James Claypoole, Francis Plumsted, Thomas Barker, Philip Ford, Edward Pritchard, Andrew Soule, Christopher Taylor, Charles Lloyd, William Gibson, U. More, George Rudyard, Harbt. Springett."—Lossing, 1851

Penn's seal and signature

"Penn's Seal and Signature. This is a representation of the seal and signature of William Penn attached…

"Great Seal of Virginia."—Lossing, 1851

Virginia Seal

"Great Seal of Virginia."—Lossing, 1851

"Seal and signature of Tryon. William Tryon was a native of Ireland, and was educated to the profession of a soldier. He was an officer in the British service. He married Miss Wake, a relative of the Earl of Hillsborough, secretary for the colonies. Thus connected, he was a favorite of government, and was appointed lieutenant governor of North Carolina, in 1765. On the death of Governor Dobbs, he succeeded him in office, and exercised its functions until called to fill the same office in New York, in 1771. The history of his administration in North Carolina is a record of extortion, folly, and crime. During his administration in New York, the Revolution broke out, and he was the last royal governor of that state, though nominally succeeded in office in 1780 by General Robertson, when he was returned to England. His property in North Carolina and in New York was confiscated."—Lossing, 1851

William Tryon Seal

"Seal and signature of Tryon. William Tryon was a native of Ireland, and was educated to the profession…

"Great Seal of the State of North Carolina."—Lossing, 1851

North Carolina Seal

"Great Seal of the State of North Carolina."—Lossing, 1851

"Pulaski's seal."—Lossing, 1851

Pulaski's Seal

"Pulaski's seal."—Lossing, 1851

"William the Conqueror (1066-1087), as represented on his seal. Although William really ruled 'as king by the edge of the sword,' he preferred to base his title on the promise of Edward the Confessor rather than on force of arms; and he adhered to far as possible to Anglo-Saxon usages, causing himself to be crowned at Westminster and binding himself to frame good laws and observe justice, as his predecessors had done. In fact he professed to regard himself as the lawful successor of the Anglo-Saxon kings, and not merely as a feudal conqueror. He had great difficulty in making the people recognize him as such, but when this was once done, he was a far more powerful ruler as king of England than he was as Norman duke."—Colby, 1899

William the Conqueror

"William the Conqueror (1066-1087), as represented on his seal. Although William really ruled 'as king…

Seal of Massachusetts Bay Company

Massachusetts Seal

Seal of Massachusetts Bay Company

"The Eagle is a gold coin of the United States, value $10; half-eagle, $5; quarter-eagle, $2.50, double eagle, the largest gold coin of this country, $20."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Eagle on Seal of United States

"The Eagle is a gold coin of the United States, value $10; half-eagle, $5; quarter-eagle, $2.50, double…

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of Mexico and California. It is rather more than four feet in length, and stands three feet at the shoulder. Pale fawn above and on the limbs; breast, abdomen, and rump white. The horns are branched, and are shed annually."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Prong-horn Antelope

"The Prong-horn Antelope inhabits the W. parts of North America, from 53 degrees N. to the plains of…

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as Honduras. It is larger than the European quail, and is better eating. The California crested quail is another American species. THe quail, genus Coturnix, is widely distributed over the Eastern Hemisphere, visiting Europe in early summer and returning S. in the autumn, when immense numbers are caught and fattened for the market. Length about seven inches, general color reddish-brown, with buff streaks on the upper surface; throat rufous; head, dark brown above, striped with ocherous white, sides reddish-brown, lower parts pale buff, fading into white on belly. Color less bright in the hen bird, and the rufous tinge absent from the throat. They nest on the ground, laying from 9 to 15 pyriform, yellowish-white eggs, blotched with dark-brown. The males are polygamous and extremely pugnacious."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lophortyx Californicus Quail

"The Quail is a small game bird; the Virginia species is common in North America, and so far south as…

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The seal has considerable resemblance to a quadruped in some respects, and to a fish in others. The head is round, and the nose, which is broad, resembles that of a dog, with the same look of intelligence and mild and expressive physiognomy. It has large whiskers, oblong nostrils, and great black sparkling eyes. It has no external ears, but a valve exists in the orifices, which can be closed at will, so as to keep out the water; the nostrils have a similar valve; and the clothing of the body consists of stiff glossy hairs, very closely set against the skin. The body is elongated and conical, gradually tapering from the shoulders to the tail. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with considerable force; and this movement is of great assistance to the propulsion of the body."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hooded Seal

"The Seal, of the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all four-limbed mammiferous animals,…

Seal of New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam

Seal of New Amsterdam

Seal of New Netherland

New Netherland

Seal of New Netherland

Seal of East Jersey

East Jersey

Seal of East Jersey

Seal of the proprietors of Carolina.

Carolina

Seal of the proprietors of Carolina.

Associate justice of the United States Supreme Court and 5th Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court.

Stephen Johnson Field

Associate justice of the United States Supreme Court and 5th Chief Justice of the California Supreme…

"A Cylinder Seal" — Morey, 1903

Cylinder Seal

"A Cylinder Seal" — Morey, 1903

A huge bird whose wing span has been reported to be up to 9 feet wide.

California condor

A huge bird whose wing span has been reported to be up to 9 feet wide.

"An open-air schoolroom in Sacramento, California. The inclosed room is used only in bad weather." — Ritchie, 1918

Open-air schoolroom

"An open-air schoolroom in Sacramento, California. The inclosed room is used only in bad weather." —…

San Francisco, shortly after the discovery of gold in California.

Gold Rush

San Francisco, shortly after the discovery of gold in California.

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather, the boquet, and the flame. There is a vast difference of opinion as to the origin and meaning of this motif. Some authorities claim it was intended for the fir cone, which served as an emblem of immortality and was revered by the ancients; some say it was intended for the palm leaf, which has been handed down by the Greeks as a symbol of victory; others say it was intended to represent a loop which the river Indus makes on a vast plain in upper Cashmere as seen from the Mosque. By some it is said to represent the crown jewels or chief ornament in the old Iranian crown, which is a composite jewel of pear shape. Tradition tells us that the signing of documents in such a manner was a custom well known in the East. This design has also been called the almond, the feather, the bouquet, and the flame on account of its fancied resemblance to these objects. We have selected the name "pear" because the image it conveys is more clearly recognized by the western mind. It is that which its shape most suggests. The Pear design is common in many kinds of rugs, especially in those of Persia and Kurdistan, but it varies greatly in varieties of form and size. The large size is usually employed in the Caucasus and Southern Persia, while the small size is used more frequently in Central and Western Persia. In the Saraband, Shiraz, Herat, Khorasan, and Senna, it frequently covers the whole field. In the two former alternate rows usually have the stems of the pears turned in opposite directions, while in the three latter the stems are usually turned in the same direction."

Pear Design

"Also known as the cone, the palm leaf, the river loop, the crown jewel, the seal, the almond, the feather,…

Built on the right angle triangle and, like the Signet of David, it is found in many of the Turkish and Caucasian fabrics and to it scores of patterns may be traced.

Solomon's Seal

Built on the right angle triangle and, like the Signet of David, it is found in many of the Turkish…

A species of palm indigenous to the United States. It is found abundantly in the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, and some sections of California. There are a number of allied species, some of which are widely distributed in Eurasia and various islands of the sea.

Palmetto

A species of palm indigenous to the United States. It is found abundantly in the Carolinas, Florida,…

The general name of certain genera of carnivorous mammals, havin feet adapted for swimming, and being able to live both in and out of water.

Seal

The general name of certain genera of carnivorous mammals, havin feet adapted for swimming, and being…

The name of a genus of gigantic trees of the pine family, nearly allied to the bald cypress of the southeastern United States, and so named from the Indian chief Sequoiah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet. There are only two chief species, the redwood and the mammoth, both of which are native to California.

Sequoia

The name of a genus of gigantic trees of the pine family, nearly allied to the bald cypress of the southeastern…

To graft two plants together using the tongue or whip grafting approach, you must first make a sloping cut in the rootstock with a 'tongue' pointing up. Next you must make a matching cut in the scion wood with a 'tongue' pointing downwards. Finally you join the two, ensuring maximum contact of the cambium layers. Bind with rafia or polythene tape and seal with grafting wax.

Tongue Grafting

To graft two plants together using the tongue or whip grafting approach, you must first make a sloping…

The official seal of the U.S. state of Alabama in 1889.

Alabama

The official seal of the U.S. state of Alabama in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Arkansas in 1889.

Arkansas

The official seal of the U.S. state of Arkansas in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of California in 1889.

California

The official seal of the U.S. state of California in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Colorado in 1889.

Colorado

The official seal of the U.S. state of Colorado in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Connecticut in 1889.

Connecticut

The official seal of the U.S. state of Connecticut in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Delaware in 1889.

Delaware

The official seal of the U.S. state of Delaware in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Florida in 1889.

Florida

The official seal of the U.S. state of Florida in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Georgia in 1889.

Georgia

The official seal of the U.S. state of Georgia in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Illinois in 1889.

Illinois

The official seal of the U.S. state of Illinois in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Indiana in 1889.

Indiana

The official seal of the U.S. state of Indiana in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Iowa in 1889.

Iowa

The official seal of the U.S. state of Iowa in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Kansas in 1889.

Kansas

The official seal of the U.S. state of Kansas in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Kentucky in 1889.

Kentucky

The official seal of the U.S. state of Kentucky in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Louisiana in 1889.

Louisiana

The official seal of the U.S. state of Louisiana in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Maine in 1889.

Maine

The official seal of the U.S. state of Maine in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Maryland in 1889.

Maryland

The official seal of the U.S. state of Maryland in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Massachusetts in 1889.

Massachusetts

The official seal of the U.S. state of Massachusetts in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Michigan in 1889.

Michigan

The official seal of the U.S. state of Michigan in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Minnesota in 1889.

Minnesota

The official seal of the U.S. state of Minnesota in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Missouri in 1889.

Missouri

The official seal of the U.S. state of Missouri in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of Nebraska in 1889.

Nebraska

The official seal of the U.S. state of Nebraska in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of New Hampshire in 1889.

New Hampshire

The official seal of the U.S. state of New Hampshire in 1889.

The official seal of the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1889.

New Jersey

The official seal of the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1889.