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"Comparison of the sixth prosomatic limb of a recent scorpion (B), of Palaeophonus (C), and of Limulus (A), showing their agreement in the number of segments; in the existence of a movable spine, Sp, at the distal border of the fifth segment; in the correspondence of the two claws at the free end of the limb of Scorpio with two spines similarly placed in Limulus; and, lastly, in the correspondence of the three talon-like spines carried on the distal margin of segment six of recent scorpions with the four larger but similarly situated spines of the leg of Limulus; s, groove dividing the ankylosed segments 4 and 5 of the Limulus leg into two." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Prosomatic Limb

"Comparison of the sixth prosomatic limb of a recent scorpion (B), of Palaeophonus (C), and of Limulus…

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would be provided with mud-guards, free-wheel and sometimes a gear-case and variable speed gear." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Road-Racer

"Road-racer. A full roadster would have the handles a little higher relatively to the saddle, and would…

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are forced into the ends of the hub-shell and soldered thereto. A thin washer W is then spun into the end, for the purpose of retaining oil, and a thin internal tube T unites the two cups, and guides the oil fed in at the middle of the hub to the balls. The projecting flanges S are for the attachment of the tangent spokes used to build the hub into the wheel. The spindle A has the two cones screwed on it, one C, against the shoulder, the other C, adjustable. The-spindle ends are passed through the back-fork ends and are there adjusted in position by the chain-tension adjusters. After adjustments the nuts N clamp the spindle securely between the fork-ends. The chain-wheel or free-wheel clutch is screwed on the end of the hub-shell with a right-hand thread." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Ball-bearing Hub

"A ball-bearing hub with outward cups. The hub-shell H is turned out of mild steel, and the cups C are…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the days and nights to differ at the same place at different seasons of the year, for on reviewing the positions of the globe at A, it will be observed that the line formed by the enlightened and dark hemispheres, does not coincide with the line of the axis and the pole, but that the line formed by the darkness and the light, extends obliquely across the line of the Earth's axis, so that the north pole is in the light while the south is in the dark. In the position A, therefore, an observer at the north pole would see the sun constantly, while another at the south pole would not see it at all. Hence those living in the north temperate zone, at the season of the year when the earth is at A, or in the Summer, would have long days and short nights, in proportion as they approached the polar circle; while those who live in the south temperate zone, at the same time, and when it would be Winter there, would have long nights and short days in the same proportion." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Axis

"Now it is the inclination of the Earth's axis, as above described, which causes the lengths of the…

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature observations. The box is made of wood, and louvred all round so as to protect the thermometers inside from radiation, and at the same time secure as free a circulation of air as is consistent with a satisfactory protection from radiation. The box is painted white, both inside and outside, and screwed to four stout wooden posts, also painted white, firmly fixed in the ground. The posts are of such a length that when the thermometers are hung in position the bulbs of the minimum thermometer and hygrometer are exactly at the same height of 4 feet above the ground, the maximum thermometer being hung immediately above the minimum thermometer." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Thermometer Box

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature…

The crab louse can live in almost any form of human hair, leading to its other common name of pubic louse.

Crab-louse

The crab louse can live in almost any form of human hair, leading to its other common name of pubic…

A kind free-falling tool

Free-Falling

A kind free-falling tool

Monsters supposed to live in the ocean as drawn on old maps

Monsters

Monsters supposed to live in the ocean as drawn on old maps

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Flax-Flower

Flax-flower in section; the parts all free,-hypogenous.

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

Pistil of Sandwort

Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary: free central placenta.

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to live in the layers of water near the surface, and after death to fall gradually to the bottom of the sea.

Foraminifera

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to…

The lion is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four "big cats" in the Genus <em>Panthera</em>. The lion is the second largest cat, after the tiger. The male lion, easily recognized by his mane, weighs between 330-500 lbs. In the wild, lions live for around 10-14 years, while in captivity they can live for 20 years. While once found throughout much of Africa, Asia and Europe, it is presently encountered in the wild only in Africa and in India.

Lion

The lion is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four "big cats" in the Genus Panthera.…

Elephants are mammals, and the largest land animals alive today. The elephants gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any land animal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 265 lbs. An elephant may live as long as 70 years, sometimes longer.

Elephant

Elephants are mammals, and the largest land animals alive today. The elephants gestation period is 22…

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of the water. They get their common name from their habit of swimming rapidly in circles when alarmed, and are also notable for their divided eyes which can see both above and below water.

Whirligig Beetle Larva

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of…

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

Gyroscope

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted lines. They have a secreting membrane placed between their opposing surfaces, which keeps them well lubricated and capable of free movement one upon the other.

A Simple Complete Joint

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted…

The larynx as seen by means of the laryngoscope in different conditions of the glottis. Labels: A, while singing a high note; b, in quiet breathing; C, during a deep inspiration; l, base of tongue; e, upper free edge of epiglottis; e', cushion of the epiglottis; ph, part of anterior wall of pharynx; cv, the true vocal cords; cvs, the false vocal cords; tr, the trachea with its rings; b, the two bronchi at their commencement.

The Larynx in Different Conditions of the Glottis

The larynx as seen by means of the laryngoscope in different conditions of the glottis. Labels: A, while…

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell, with two nuclei. "In ciliated epithelium the cells, which are generally columnar in shape, bear at their free extremities little hair-like processes which are agitated incessantly with a lashing or vibrating motion. These minute and delicate processes are named cilia, and may be regarded as active prolongations of the cell-protoplasm." &mdash;Kimber, 1907

Ciliated Epithelium Cells

Ciliated epithelium from the human trachea, highly magnified. Labels: a, large ciliated cell; d, cell,…

"Grasp one end of a straight spring made of hickory or steel in one end of a vise, as shown. Pluck the free end of the spring so as to produce a vibratory motion. If the spring is long enough, the vibrations may be seen. Lower the spring in the vise to shorten the vibrating part of the rod, and pluck it again. The vibrations are reduced in amplitude, and increased in rapidity. Continued shortening of the spring will render the vibrations invisible and audible; the are lost to the eye, but revealed to the ear." -Avery 1895

Sound due to Vibrations

"Grasp one end of a straight spring made of hickory or steel in one end of a vise, as shown. Pluck the…

"In a body free to move, the center of gravity will lie in a vertical plumb-line drawn through the point of support. Therefore, to find the position of the center of gravity of an irregular solid, as the crank, Fig 8, suspended it at some point, as B, so that it will move freely. Drop a plumb line from the point of suspension and mark its direction. Suspend the body at another point, as A, and repeat the process. The intersection C of the two lines will be directly over the center of gravity." &mdash;Hallock 1905

Center of Gravity of a Solid

"In a body free to move, the center of gravity will lie in a vertical plumb-line drawn through the point…

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the vessel b is filled with water, whose depth is the same as the length of the wooden block in a. When a pressure is applied to a, the pressure will be transmitted to the bottom unchanged. However, when the same pressure is applied to b, the pressure is transmitted everywhere, as the molecules of water are free to move." &mdash;Hallock 1905

Water versus Wood Pressure

"The vessel a is fitted with a wooden bock of the same size as, and free to move in, the cylinder; the…

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen and chest alternately expand and contract in healthy breathing, anything which impedes their free movement is to be avoided. The tight lacing which is still indulged [in 1900] by those who think a distorted form beautiful, seriously impedes one of the most important functions of the body, and leads not only to shortness of breath and an incapacity for muscular exertion, but in many cases to actual deformity or disease." — Newell, 1900.

Effect of Corset Use on Respiration

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen…

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen and chest alternately expand and contract in healthy breathing, anything which impedes their free movement is to be avoided. The tight lacing which is still indulged [in 1900] by those who think a distorted form beautiful, seriously impedes one of the most important functions of the body, and leads not only to shortness of breath and an incapacity for muscular exertion, but in many cases to actual deformity or disease." — Newell, 1900.

Effect of Corset Use on Respiration

Torso of the Statue known as Venus of Melos (left) and New York Fashion, 1898 (right). "Since abdomen…

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its edges (11) turned aside. Labels: 1, body of hyoid; 2, its small, and 3, its great, horns; 4, upper and lower horns of thyroid cartilage; 5, mucous membrane of front of pharynx, covering the back of the cricoid cartilage; 6, upper end of gullet; 7, windpipe, lying in front of the gullet; 8, eminence caused by cartilage of Santorini; 9, eminence caused by cartilage of Wrisberg -- both lie in, 10, the aryteno-epiglottidean fold of mucous membrane, surrounding the opening (aditus laryngis) from pharynx to larynx; a, projecting tip of epiglottis; c, the glottis -- the lines leading from the letter point to the free vibrating edges of the vocal cords; b' the ventricles of the larynx -- their upper edges, marking them off from the eminences b, are the false vocal cords.

Larynx

The larynx viewed from its pharyngeal opening. The back wall of the pharynx has been divided and its…

Meibomian glands (glandulae tarsales), which are sebaceous glands embedded in grooves in the inner surface of the tarsal plates, about 30 in the upper eyelid, less in the lower one. Their ducts open on the inner edge of the free margin of the lids by minute foramina, through which their secretion is furnished to prevent the lids adhering to each other.

Meibomian Glands

Meibomian glands (glandulae tarsales), which are sebaceous glands embedded in grooves in the inner surface…

The Organ of Corti (organon spirale), also known as the Papilla Spiralis. It is situated on the inner surface of the membrana or lamina basilaris, is overlapped by the free edge of the membrana tectoria, and appears s a papilla winding spirally throughout the length of the membranous cochlea.

The Organ of Corti

The Organ of Corti (organon spirale), also known as the Papilla Spiralis. It is situated on the inner…

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane, which forms in the male a closed sac, the parietal layer of which lines the abdominal walls, its visceral layer being reflected more or less completely over all the abdominal and pelvic viscera. It's free surface is covered with endothelium, and is smooth, moist, and shining. Its attached surface is connected to the viscera and the parietes of the abdomen by the sub-peritoneal tela or areolar tissue. In the female it is not a closed sac, the free extremities of the Fallopian tubes opening directly into the cavity. The peritoneum is divided by a constricted portion of its tissue, at the foramen of Winslow into 2 sacs, the Greater Sac and the Lesser Sac.

The Peritoneum

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane, which forms in the male a closed sac, the parietal layer…

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