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A gas holder is a metallic shell which is open at the bottom (like a bell), the lower edge of which dips into a deep tank of water in order to prevent the contained gas from escaping. The framework may be either of steel or timber -- the latter being preferred for the largest holders. This illustration shows a partial section of a typical large American gas holder. It is a 5,000,000 cubic foot holder in New York City.

Partial Section of Typical Large American Gas Holder

A gas holder is a metallic shell which is open at the bottom (like a bell), the lower edge of which…

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath. The usual length is three feet. It is nearly related to the American water-snake, and haunts moist places, feeding on frogs, fish, and insects. The soft eggs are about one inch long, and are laid in manure heaps, in rich soil, or on heaps of weeds.

Grass Snake

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath.…

The Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) is a N. American, jerboa-like mouse, with long hind legs, a very long tail, and five complete toes on the hind foot. It is warmly reddish above, white on the lower parts, and progresses, when alarmed, by a series of rapid leaps, each of several yards, when in haste. it dwells in open, grassy places, skulking about under the herbage and feeding mostly on grass seeds; there it places its nest (a hollow ball of grass) in some small hole or burrow, and spends the cold months in a long hibernation.

Jumping Mouse

The Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) is a N. American, jerboa-like mouse, with long hind legs, a very…

This illustration shows an Indian crosse stick, as described by Gatlin. About fifty tribes of Indians are known to have engaged in the game of lacrosse, which they took very seriously, whole villages struggling in contest from morning till night. The goals were sometimes a mile distant, and as many as one thousand warriors are known to have taken part.

Indian Crosse Stick

This illustration shows an Indian crosse stick, as described by Gatlin. About fifty tribes of Indians…

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear monoecious flowers, the male catkins being small and oval, whilst the female ones are much longer. The leaves are bright green, linear, soft, and usually produced in short bundles on each side of the spray. They appear very early in the spring. The timber, which is very hard and tough, is much used in shipbuilding and for railway sleepers, and in cabinet work is capable of taking a very high polish. The species most commonly planted is 'L. europaea', whcich grows to about 100 ft in height. Other species are 'L. occidentalis', a tall and handsome American tree and 'L. laricina', the tamarack, or hackmatack, of North America. This is a straggling tree, most common in swampy soils, with smaller cones than has the the European species. It reaches a height of 70 ft., and the wood is valuable for the same purposes as that of other larches. (1. Scale of cone with two seeds; 2. anther)

Larch, Cone and Flowers (male and female)

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear…

Soldiers making a trench to prepare for battle during the American Civil War.

In the Trenches

Soldiers making a trench to prepare for battle during the American Civil War.

Battle of Yorktown. One of the major battles between the British and Americans. It took place in Virginia and was considered the final battle of the Revolutionary War.

Siege of Yorktown

Battle of Yorktown. One of the major battles between the British and Americans. It took place in Virginia…

American soldiers retreating across the Rappahannock river in Northwest Virginia. It shows an example of a ford, which is a place in a river or other body of water where it is shallow enough for people to cross.

Rappahannock River

American soldiers retreating across the Rappahannock river in Northwest Virginia. It shows an example…

A young woman in Native American attire looks over a small child resting.

Native American Woman with Baby

A young woman in Native American attire looks over a small child resting.

Young women in Native American dress harvesting corn.

Harvesting Corn

Young women in Native American dress harvesting corn.

A male Native American with a large, feathered headdress walks through the woods.

Native American with Large Headress

A male Native American with a large, feathered headdress walks through the woods.

A Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864). Hawthorne was an American novelist best known for The House of the Seven Gables, Twice-Told Tales, and The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne

A Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864). Hawthorne was an American novelist best known for The…

The Church of the Val-de-Grâce is the church of a former royal abbey in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, in what is now the Val-de-Grâce Hospital. The dome of the church is a principal landmark of the skyline of Paris. The church was initially designed by François Mansart, succeeded by Jacques Lemercier, who designed the dome.

Church of the Val-de-Grâce

The Church of the Val-de-Grâce is the church of a former royal abbey in the 5th arrondissement of Paris,…

The puma, also known as the cougar, panther, or mountain lion <i> (Felis concolor) </i> , is a large American cat, formerly to be met anywhere from the St. Lawrence River and southern British Columbia to Patagonia, but now practically exterminated east of the Rocky Mountains. It is remarkable among the larger cats for its uniformity of coloration, whence it is popularly known as 'lion' throughout all the countries south of the United States. The fur is thick and close, and in adults is plain tawny above, except for a dark streak along the middle of the back, and a dark tip to the tail, while the under surface is of a paler tint. The presence in the young, however, of a ringed tail and of spots on the body shows that the puma's ancestors possessed the characteristically feline type of coloration. There is much variation in size: the largest authenticated measurement is eight feet two inches from the snout to the tip of the tail, the tail being three feet eight inches; but the usual length of the body, exclusive of the tail, appears to be under four feet. The puma is able to live in low-lying plains and on mountain slopes, among dense forests and on the treeless pampas. Its natural prey is such animals as deer in North and in Central America, while of the pampas it feeds largely on huanacos; but everywhere it preys as hunger suggests or occasion requires on any smaller and more agile creature it is able to pick up. Like the leopard, it is especially destructive to sheep, a single puma when it gains access to a fold sometimes slaughtering 100 in a night, seemingly in a blind revel of killing. It rarely attacks man unprovoked, and has the reputation, especially in the Plains regions, of being absolutely cowardly. When hunted with dogs (the usual method), it tries first to flee, and when overtaken climbs a tree, where it remains, snarling at the pack of dogs until the hunter comes up and dispatches it. Nevertheless, when cornered it fights to the death, showing that its real disposition is that of timidity and caution rather than of poltroonery. The two sexes live apart, but pair in winter and summer. Two or three young are born at once.

Puma

The puma, also known as the cougar, panther, or mountain lion (Felis concolor) , is a large American…

A piece of embroidery or needlework produced as a demonstration or test of skill. This sampler includes the alphabet, as well as the student's name and age. These pieces often include figures, motifs, and decorative borders.

American Sampler

A piece of embroidery or needlework produced as a demonstration or test of skill. This sampler includes…

<i>Scytalopus magellanicus</i>. "A genus of South American formicarioid passerine birds, of the family <i>Pteroptochidae</i>. <i>S. magellanicus</i> is curiously similar to wrens in general appearance and habits, though belonging to a different suborder of birds." —Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration features a darkly colored bird sitting on a branch with small leaves.

Magellanic Tapaculo

Scytalopus magellanicus. "A genus of South American formicarioid passerine birds, of the family Pteroptochidae.…

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil, and other matters; a public drain. A, B, C, D, E forms used in London, Paris, and other European cities; F, G, H, I, J, K, L, special forms used in New York and other American cities. F shows a method of repairing with tiles at the bottom of an oval sewer. G, tile-bottomed sewer. H, barrel sewer...of wood bound with iron. I, a form used for large sewers. J, section of pipe sewer. K, half section of sewer having section similar to B, but also provided with a spandrel. L, the aqueduct form, used for large sewers only, it rests on a bed of concrete." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Collection of Sewer Cross-Sections

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil,…

<i>Siphonorhis americana</i>. "A genus of American <i>Caprimulgidae</i> or goatsuckers, having tubular nostrils. The only species, <i>S. americana</i> inhabits Jamaica." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Nightjar Profile and Tubular Nostrils

Siphonorhis americana. "A genus of American Caprimulgidae or goatsuckers, having tubular nostrils. The…

"A, side view of American club-skate; B, bottom of the skate with the runner removed. a, runner; b, heel-plate; c, sole-plate; d, riveting by which the runner is attached to the heel- and sole-plates; e, e, clamps which grasp the sole when they are drawn rearward by the action of the curved slots f upon pins fixed firmly in the sole plate. Both these clamps are pivoted at their rear extremities to a bar g, connected by a winged adjusting screw h, to a collar i, which is pivoted to the heel-clamp j; k, spur which engages the front part of the heel when the heel-clamp is drawn foward; l, toggle-lever, by which the sole-clamps are drawn rear-ward and the heel-clamp forward simultaneously. In B this lever is shown turned out; to clamp the skate to the shoe, it is pressed inward under the sole out of sight." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

American Club Ice Skate - View from Side and Bottom

"A, side view of American club-skate; B, bottom of the skate with the runner removed. a, runner; b,…

"A fetid animal of the American genus <i>Mephitis, M. mephitica</i>... The animal inhabits all of temperate North America, and continues abundant in the most thickly settled regions. It is about as large as a house-cat, but stouter-bodied, with shorter limbs, and very long bushy tail, habitually erected or turned over the back. The color is black or blackish, conspicuously but to a variable extent set off with pure white- generally as a frontal stripe, a large crown-spot, a pair of broad divergent bands along the side of the back, and white hairs mixed with the black ones of the tail." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Common Skunk

"A fetid animal of the American genus Mephitis, M. mephitica... The animal inhabits all of temperate…

<i>Scaphiopus holbrooki</i>. Illustration of the American spadefoot toad, native to Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It is a roundish toad with large, protruding eyes.

Spadefoot Toad

Scaphiopus holbrooki. Illustration of the American spadefoot toad, native to Canada, the United States,…

<i>Tetrapturus albidus</i>. Also called a billfish or spearfish, "the dorsal fin is low or moderately developed, and the ventrals are represented only by spines. It inhabits American waters as far north as New England in summer, and is not seldom taken in fathoms deep. The spear-fish is related to the swordfish (though of another family), and has a similar beak or sword. It attains a length of six or eight feet. In the West Indies its Spanish name is <i>aguja</i>." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

White Marlin, a Sailfish

Tetrapturus albidus. Also called a billfish or spearfish, "the dorsal fin is low or moderately developed,…

<i>Tremarctos ornatus</i>. "The only South American bear, having a light-colored mark on the face, like a pair of spectacles." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spectacled Bear

Tremarctos ornatus. "The only South American bear, having a light-colored mark on the face, like a pair…

<i>Deilephila lineata</i>"...a common American moth of striking coloration, whose larva feeds on purslane." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>A large moth with white and black stripes. The left wings are omitted.

White-Lined Morning Sphinx

Deilephila lineata"...a common American moth of striking coloration, whose larva feeds on purslane."…

<i>Deilephila lineata</i>"...a common American moth of striking coloration, whose larva feeds on purslane." —Whitney, 1889 <p>A large moth with white and black stripes. This illustration displays the whole moth whereas the left wings are omitted as in original illustration.

White-Lined Morning Sphinx

Deilephila lineata"...a common American moth of striking coloration, whose larva feeds on purslane."…