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"Sense-epithelium cell of Aurelia." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epithelium

"Sense-epithelium cell of Aurelia." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Connective tissue of slug. r, ramified cell; f, flattened cell; v, vesicular cell. The fibers in the ground substance are also indicated." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Connective Tissue

"Connective tissue of slug. r, ramified cell; f, flattened cell; v, vesicular cell. The fibers in the…

A Californian timber tree. Grows 200 to 300 feet high and have a thick cinnamon colored bark. The inside wood is a rich brownish red.

Redwood Branch

A Californian timber tree. Grows 200 to 300 feet high and have a thick cinnamon colored bark. The inside…

"Crown-grafting is preferable to cleft-grafting, inasmuch as it leaves no open spaces in the wood. The stock b is cut off horizontally or nearly so, and a slit is then cut in the bark f, f, a wedge-shaped piece of ivory being inserted to raise the bark; the scion is then cut to the same wedge-shaped form g, h, and inserted in the space opened for it between the albumen and the bark, after which it is tied down and clayed over in the manner already described." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Crown-Grafting

"Crown-grafting is preferable to cleft-grafting, inasmuch as it leaves no open spaces in the wood. The…

"Fahlias and paeonies may be grafted by inserting young shoots into the neck of one of the fleshy roots of each kind respectively the best method of doing so being to cut a triangular section near the upper end of the root, just large enough to admit the young shoot when slightly pared away in two sides to give it a similar form." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Root-Grafting

"Fahlias and paeonies may be grafted by inserting young shoots into the neck of one of the fleshy roots…

"In the case of large woody plants thus worked the grafted roots, after the operation is completed, are planted in nursery beds, so that the upper buds only are exposed to the atmosphere, as shown at c in the figure." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Root-Grafting

"In the case of large woody plants thus worked the grafted roots, after the operation is completed,…

"The simplest and most generally practised form of budding is that called Shield budding or T-budding. The operator should be provided with a budding-knife in which the cutting edge of the blade is rounded off at the point, and which has a thin ivory or bone handle, for raising the bark of the stock. A horizonal incision is made in the bark quite down to the wood, and from this a perpendicular slit is drawn downwards to the extent of perhaps an inch, so that the slit has a resemblance to the letter T, as at a. A bud is then cut by a clean incision from the tree intended to be propagated, having a portion of the wood attached to it, and so that the whole may be an inch and a half long, as at d." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Shield-Budding

"The simplest and most generally practised form of budding is that called Shield budding or T-budding.…

"Propagation by Cuttings." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Propagation

"Propagation by Cuttings." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"This mode of propagation is performed by cutting the branches into short lengths, each containing one well-matured bud or eye, with a short portion of the stem above and below. It is a common mode of propagating vines, the eyes being in this case cut from the ripened leafless wood. The eyes (a) are planted just below the surface in pots of light soil, which are placed in a hot bed or propagating pit, and in due time each pushed up a young shoot which forms the future stem, while convert it into an independent plant." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Single Eye

"This mode of propagation is performed by cutting the branches into short lengths, each containing one…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be in most cases be nipped off with the thumb-nail. It is very necessary in the case of trees trained to a flat surface, as a wall or espalier rail, to prevent undue crowding. In some cases, as, for example, with peaches, the superfluous shoots are wholly removed, and certain selected shoots reserved to supply bearing wood for the next year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Summer Pruning

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be…

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be in most cases be nipped off with the thumb-nail. It is very necessary in the case of trees trained to a flat surface, as a wall or espalier rail, to prevent undue crowding. In some cases, as, for example, with peaches, the superfluous shoots are wholly removed, and certain selected shoots reserved to supply bearing wood for the next year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Summer Pruning

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be…

"When a water fall ranges between 10 and 70 feet, and the water supply is from 3 to 25 cubic feet per second, it is possible to construct a bucket wheel on which the water acts chiefly by its weight. If the variation of the head-water level does not exceed 2 feet, an overshot wheel may be used. The water is then projected over the summit of the wheel, and falls in a parabolic path into the buckets. With greater variation of head-water level, a pitch-back or high breast wheel is better. The water falls over the top of a sliding sluice into the wheel, on the same side as the head race channel. By adjusting the height of the sluice, the requisite supply is given to the wheel in all positions of the head-water level. The wheel consists of a cast-iron or wrought-iron axle C supporting the weight of the wheel. To this are attached two sets of arms A of wood or iron, which support circular segmental plates termed shrouds B. A cylindrical sole plate dd extends between the shrouds on the inner side. The buckets are formed by wood planks or curved wrought-iron plates extending from shroud to shroud, the back of the buckets being formed by the sole plate." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Water Wheel

"When a water fall ranges between 10 and 70 feet, and the water supply is from 3 to 25 cubic feet per…

"Diagram of a Diblastula. a, orifice of invagination (blastopore); b, archenteric cavity; c, endoderm; d, ectoderm." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Diblastula

"Diagram of a Diblastula. a, orifice of invagination (blastopore); b, archenteric cavity; c, endoderm;…

"Formation of the Diblastula of Eucope (one of the Calyptoblastic Hydromedusae) by delamination. A, B, C, three successive stages. ep, ectoderm; hy, endoderm; al, enteric cavity." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Diblastula

"Formation of the Diblastula of Eucope (one of the Calyptoblastic Hydromedusae) by delamination. A,…

"Epidermo-muscular cells of Hydra m, muscular-fiber processes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epiderm Cels

"Epidermo-muscular cells of Hydra m, muscular-fiber processes." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Portion of the body-wall of Hydra, showing ectoderm cells above, separated by "structureless lamelia" from three flagellate endoderm cells below. The latter are vacnolated, and contain each a nucleus and several dark granules. In the middle ectoderm cell are seen a nucleus and three nematocysts, with trigger hairs projecting beyond the cuticle. A large nematocyst with everted thread, is seen in the right-hand ectodermal cell." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Body-wall

"Portion of the body-wall of Hydra, showing ectoderm cells above, separated by "structureless lamelia"…

"Nematocyst of Hydra, showing cell-substance and nucleus, cyat, trigger hair, and everted thread." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Nematocyst

"Nematocyst of Hydra, showing cell-substance and nucleus, cyat, trigger hair, and everted thread." —…

"Vacnolated endoderm cells of eartilaginous consistence from the axis of the tentacle of a Medusa (Cunina)." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Endoderm Cell

"Vacnolated endoderm cells of eartilaginous consistence from the axis of the tentacle of a Medusa (Cunina)."…

"Portions of sections through the disc of medusae. The upper one of Lizzia, the lower of Aurelia. el, endoderm lamelia, or vascular lamelia; m, muscular processes of the ectoderm cells in cross section; d, ectoderm; en, endoderm lining the enteric cavity; e, wandering endoderm cells of the gelatinous substances." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Medusae

"Portions of sections through the disc of medusae. The upper one of Lizzia, the lower of Aurelia. el,…

"Gelatinous substance of the disc of Aurelia, showing-a, fibrous trabeculae, and b, wandering endoderm cells, with amaebold movements." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Aurelia

"Gelatinous substance of the disc of Aurelia, showing-a, fibrous trabeculae, and b, wandering endoderm…

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella; the two lower are epidermo-muscular cells from the base of a tentacle; the upstanding nucloated portion forms part of the epidermal mosaic on the free surface of the body." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Muscular Cells

"Muscular cells of medusae (Lizzia). The uppermost is a purely muscular cell from the sub-umbrella;…

"Ocellus of a medusa (Lizzia Koellikeri). oc, pigmented ectodermal cells; l, lens." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ocellus

"Ocellus of a medusa (Lizzia Koellikeri). oc, pigmented ectodermal cells; l, lens." — Encyclopedia…

"Simple tentaculocyst of one of the Trachomedusae (Rhopalonema velatum). The process carrying the otolith or concretion hk, formed by endoderm cells, is enclosed by an upgrowth forming the "vesicle," which is not yet quite closed in at the top." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Trachomedusae

"Simple tentaculocyst of one of the Trachomedusae (Rhopalonema velatum). The process carrying the otolith…

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric cavity and its continuations; the lighter shading represents the genital products (ova or sperm). Medualform person still attached by a stalk at the aboral pole to a colony." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosae

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric…

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric cavity and its continuations; the lighter shading represents the genital products (ova or sperm). Modified medusiform person, with margin of the disc (umbrella) united above and importforato (mouthless) manubrium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosae

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric…

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric cavity and its continuations; the lighter shading represents the genital products (ova or sperm). Sporosac, with imcomplete extension of the enteric cavity into the umbrella,-rudimentary invagination above to form the sub-umbrella cavity." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosae

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric…

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric cavity and its continuations; the lighter shading represents the genital products (ova or sperm). Sporosac with manubrial portion only of the enteric cavity." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosae

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric…

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric cavity and its continuations; the lighter shading represents the genital products (ova or sperm). Sporosac without any trace of manubrium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosae

"Gradual degeneration of the medusa bud into the form of a sporosae. The black represents the enteric…

"Two female sporosacs (degenerate medusae) of Hydraetinia echinata. a, ectoderm; b, endoderm; o, eggcella; g, entric cavity. In A an invagination of the ectoderm, which is more complete in B, represents the rudiment of the sub-umbrella space." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sporosac

"Two female sporosacs (degenerate medusae) of Hydraetinia echinata. a, ectoderm; b, endoderm; o, eggcella;…

"Fucus vesiculosus: showing the receptacles of the fructification a, a, at the ends of the branching frond; b, b, b, large air-cells which help to float the plant." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Fucus Vesiculosus

"Fucus vesiculosus: showing the receptacles of the fructification a, a, at the ends of the branching…

"Andirons were used for burning wood on an open hearth, and consisted of a horizontal bar raised on short supports, with an upright standard at one end." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Andiron

"Andirons were used for burning wood on an open hearth, and consisted of a horizontal bar raised on…

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited in the annexed wood-cut, after an early Christian painting on the walls of catacombs at Rmb. It was originally of linen, but it is now generally made of the same heavy silk as the Planeta, worn by the priest." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dalmatic

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited…

"A wood remarkable for its hardness, heaviness, and deep black color, is the heart-wood of different species of Diospyros, of the natural order Ebenaceae, the same genus which produces the Date Plum, Kaki, and other fruits." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Ebony

"A wood remarkable for its hardness, heaviness, and deep black color, is the heart-wood of different…

"Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense cell (sc); 2, a enidoblast with enclosed nematocyst from the same specimens; 3 and 3, two forms of gland cell from the stomodaeum; 5a and 5b, epithelio-muscular cells from the tentacle in different states of contraction; 5c, an epithelio-muscular cell from the endoderm, containing a symbiotic zooxanthelia; 6, a ganglion cell from the ectoderm of the peristome." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Epithelium

"Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense…

The male and female are green in color and have sarlet colored skin around the eyes. Usually small and very round in shape.

Crested Wood Partridge

The male and female are green in color and have sarlet colored skin around the eyes. Usually small and…

"Development of the lateral eyes of a scorpion. h, Epidermic cell-layer; mes, mesoblastic connective tissue; n, nerves; II, III, IV, V, depressions of the epidermis in each of which a cuticular lens will be formed." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Scorpion Eyes

"Development of the lateral eyes of a scorpion. h, Epidermic cell-layer; mes, mesoblastic connective…

"Section through a portion of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing three ommatidia—A, B and C. hyp, The epidermic cell-layer (so-called hypodermis), the cells of which increase in volume below each lens, l, and become nerve-end cells or retinula-cells, rl; in A, the letters rh point to a rhabdomere secreted by the cell rl; c, the peculiar central spherical cell; n, nerve fibers; mes, mesoblastic skeletal tissue; ch, chitinous cuticle." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus

"Section through a portion of the lateral eye of Limulus, showing three ommatidia—A, B and C.…

"Section through one of the central eyes of a young Limulus. L, Cuticular or corneous lens. hy, Epidermic cell-layer. corn, Its corneagen portion immediately underlying the lens. ret, Retinula cells. nf, Nerve fibers. con. tiss, Connective tissue (mesoblastic skeletal tissue)." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Limulus

"Section through one of the central eyes of a young Limulus. L, Cuticular or corneous lens. hy, Epidermic…

"Clostridium—one cell contains two spores." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Clostridium

"Clostridium—one cell contains two spores." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Spirillum containing many spores (a), which are liberated at b by the breaking up of the parent cells." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Spirillum

"Spirillum containing many spores (a), which are liberated at b by the breaking up of the parent cells."…

"A wood-wind instrument, not a "horn," member of the clarinet family, of which it is the tenor. The basset horn consists of a nearly cylindrical tube of wood (generally cocus or box-wood), having a cylindrical bore and terminating in a metal bell wide than that of the clarinet. For convenience in reaching the keys and holes, the modern instrument is usually bent or curved either near the mouthpiece or at the bell, which is turned upwards." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Basset Horn

"A wood-wind instrument, not a "horn," member of the clarinet family, of which it is the tenor. The…

"Mortising is a method of insertion in which the projecting extremity of one timber is received into a perforation in another." — Wells, 1857

Mortising

"Mortising is a method of insertion in which the projecting extremity of one timber is received into…

"Mortising is a method of insertion in which the projecting extremity of one timber is received into a perforation in another." — Wells, 1857

Mortising

"Mortising is a method of insertion in which the projecting extremity of one timber is received into…

"Mortising is a method of insertion in which the projecting extremity of one timber is received into a perforation in another." — Wells, 1857

Mortising

"Mortising is a method of insertion in which the projecting extremity of one timber is received into…

"Indian explaining the method of kindling a fire by the friction of two pieces of wood." —Wells, 1857

Native American Teachers

"Indian explaining the method of kindling a fire by the friction of two pieces of wood." —Wells,…

"In the ordinary pattern of a lapidary's bench the handle turns in a horizontal plane, where W is the driving-wheel turned by the handle A, and working the pulley P by means of a strap. The pulley is fixed on a vertical spindle, which carries M the disk for slitting or the leaden lap for roughing or polishing. The upper end of this spindle is conical, and rotates in a socket drilled in a horizontal arm of iron which projects from a vertical wooden rod D. A block of wood C fits on to the end of an iron support termed the gim-peg or germ-peg. This support is used to steady the operator's arm when grinding the edges of small stones, and the wooden block, which is fixed by a wedge, is employed for cutting facets at any desired angle, the stone being cemented to the end of a stik S, which is fixed at the requisite angle in one of the holes or notches made in the sides of the socket C." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Lapidary's Mill

"In the ordinary pattern of a lapidary's bench the handle turns in a horizontal plane, where W is the…

"A gouge, for soft wood." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Gouge

"A gouge, for soft wood." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

Routing Machine

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

Routing Machine

A shaping machine or shaper of wood, metal, or stone.

An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also used as a weapon of offense.

Axe

An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also used as a weapon of offense.

An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also used as a weapon of offense.

Axe

An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also used as a weapon of offense.

An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also used as a weapon of offense.

Jadeite Axe

An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also used as a weapon of offense.

"Vibration of a wire. A conducting copper wire, w, is suspended by a loop from a hook of the same metal, which passes through the arm of metal or wood, as seen in the cut. The upper end of the hook terminates in the cup P, to contain mercury. The lower end of the copper wire just touched the mercury, Q, contained in a little trough about an inch long, formed in the wood on which the horseshoe magnet, M, is laid, the mercury being equally distant from the two poles. The cup, N, has a stem of wire which passes through the wood of the platform into the mercury, this end of the wire being tinned, or amalgamated, so as to form a perfect contact." —Comstock, 1850

Wire Vibration

"Vibration of a wire. A conducting copper wire, w, is suspended by a loop from a hook of the same metal,…

"A copper wire coiled, by winding it around a piece of wood. The turns of the wire should be close together for actual experiment, they being parted in the figure to show the place of the iron to be magnetized. The best method is, to place the coiled wire, which is called the electrical helix, in a glass tube, the two ends of the wire, of course, projecting. Then placing the body to be magnetized within the folds, send the galvanic influence through the whole by placing the poles of the battery in the cups." —Comstock, 1850

Electrical Helix

"A copper wire coiled, by winding it around a piece of wood. The turns of the wire should be close together…