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John Wesley (28 June [O.S. 17 June] 1703 – 2 March 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical) Arminian Methodist movement. "Methodism" was originally an unflattering nickname of the "Holy Club" at Oxford University founded by Charles Wesley but led by brother John. Methodism was well advanced in England through George Whitefield who had taken over the responsibility of the Holy Club while the Wesley brothers were in Savannah, Georgia British North America.

John Wesley

John Wesley (28 June [O.S. 17 June] 1703 – 2 March 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian…

The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey. Founded by Edward the Confessor when released from his vow to make a pilgrimage to the grave of St. Peter at Rome. It is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and later British monarchs. It briefly held the status of a cathedral from 1546–1556, and is currently a Royal Peculiar.

Westminster Abbey

The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original…

"Lady Chapel of Gloucester Cathedral, England, looking toward the nave." -Whitney, 1911

Gloucester Cathedral

"Lady Chapel of Gloucester Cathedral, England, looking toward the nave." -Whitney, 1911

The Most Reverend William White (April 4, 1748 N.S. – July 17, 1836) was the first and fourth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA (1789; 1795–1836), the first Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania (1787–1836), and the second United States Senate Chaplain (appointed December 9, 1790).

William White

The Most Reverend William White (April 4, 1748 N.S. – July 17, 1836) was the first and fourth…

George Whitefield (December 16, 1714 – September 30, 1770), was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield (December 16, 1714 – September 30, 1770), was a preacher in the Church of England…

The first church in Philadelphia.

First Church in Philadelphia

The first church in Philadelphia.

John Winthrop (12 January 1588 – 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor in October 1629. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times. Although Winthrop was a respected political figure, he was criticized for his obstinacy regarding the formation of a general assembly in 1634.

John Winthrop

John Winthrop (12 January 1588 – 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World,…

Van Cortlandt's Sugar House was a famous (or infamous) prison of the Revolution. It stood on the northwest corner of Trinity church-yard.

Van Cortlandt's Sugar House

Van Cortlandt's Sugar House was a famous (or infamous) prison of the Revolution. It stood on the northwest…

The Lutheran Church in Philadelphia that Congress met at to "return thanks to the Almighty God for crowning the allied armies of the United States and France with success."

Lutheran Church, Philadelphia

The Lutheran Church in Philadelphia that Congress met at to "return thanks to the Almighty God for crowning…

Brigham Young (June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He was the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death, the founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of the Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.

Brigham Young

Brigham Young (June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement.…

Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Imperial Count of Zinzendorf and Pottendorf, (May 26, 1700 – May 9, 1760), German religious and social reformer and bishop of the Moravian Church, was born at Dresden. Zinzendorf had a naturally alert and active mind, and an enthusiastic temperament that made his life one of ceaseless planning and executing. Like Martin Luther, he was often carried away by strong and vehement feelings, and he was easily upset both by sorrow and joy. He is commemorated as a hymnwriter and a renewer of the church by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on their Calendar of Saints on May 9.

Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf

Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Imperial Count of Zinzendorf and Pottendorf, (May 26,…

The sedilia in Southwell Minster, England. In church architecture, a sedile is a seat near the altar used by priests and deacons.

Sedilia

The sedilia in Southwell Minster, England. In church architecture, a sedile is a seat near the altar…

Christian architecture is Syria diverged from Roman traditions. The abundance of hard stone, the total lack of clay or brick, the remoteness from Rome, led to a peculiar independence and originality in the forms and details of the ecclesiastical as well as of the domestic architecture of central Syria.

Church at Kalb Louzeh

Christian architecture is Syria diverged from Roman traditions. The abundance of hard stone, the total…

Circular and polygonal plans appear in a number of Syrian examples of the early sixth century. Their most striking feature is the inscribing of the circle of polygon in a square which forms the exterior outline, and the use of four niches to fill out the corners. This occurs at Kelat Seman, a small double church, perhaps the tomb and chapel of a martyr; in the cathedral at Bozrah, and in the small domical church of St. George at Ezra. These were probably the prototypes of many Byzantine churches like St. Sergius at Constantinople, and San Vitale at Ravenna.

Cathedral at Bosra

Circular and polygonal plans appear in a number of Syrian examples of the early sixth century. Their…

Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral ever built in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site.

Plan of Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous…

Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral ever built in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site.

Section of Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous…

The Fatih Mosque (Mosque of Mehmet II, Mosque of Mehmet the Conqueror) was constructed by order of Fatih Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror from 1463-1470, on the site of the former Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles in Istanbul, whose ruins served as a quarry to supply building materials for the new mosque. The architect was Atik Sinan, about whom little is known.

Fatih Mosque (Plan)

The Fatih Mosque (Mosque of Mehmet II, Mosque of Mehmet the Conqueror) was constructed by order of Fatih…

"It was in Central France, and mainly along the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church architecture began. Naves covered with barrel-vaults, sometimes of pointed section, appear in a number of large churches built during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with apsidal and transeptal chapels and aisles carried around the apse, as in Notre-Dame du Port at Clermont-Ferrand. The thrust of these ponderous vaults was clumsily resisted by half-barrel vaults over the side aisles, transmitting the strain to massive side-walls."

Section of Notre-Dame du Port

"It was in Central France, and mainly along the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church…

"It was in Central France, and mainly along the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church architecture began. Naves covered with barrel-vaults, sometimes of pointed section, appear in a number of large churches built during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with apsidal and transeptal chapels and aisles carried around the apse, as in the imposing church of St. Sernin at Toulouse, in Provence. The thrust of these ponderous vaults was clumsily resisted by half-barrel vaults over the side aisles, transmitting the strain to massive side-walls."

Plan of St. Sernin, Toulouse

"It was in Central France, and mainly along the Loire, that the systematic development of vaulted church…

A bay is a module in classical or Gothic architecture, the distance between two supports of a vault or the unit of an opening and its framing on a façade.

Bay of Speyer Cathedral

A bay is a module in classical or Gothic architecture, the distance between two supports of a vault…

The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St. Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England, was founded in AD 1093 and remains a center for Christian worship today. It is generally regarded as one of the finest examples of a Norman cathedral and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with nearby Durham Castle, which faces it across Palace Green, high above the River Wear.

Plan of Durham Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St. Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred…

The transept is the area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture. The transept separates the nave from the sanctuary, whether apse, choir, chevet, presbytery or chancel. The transepts cross the nave at the crossing, which belongs equally to the main nave axis and to the transept.

One Bay of Transept, Winchester Cathedral

The transept is the area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building in Romanesque…

Very few examples remain of important Norman façades in their original form, nearly all of these having been altered after the round arch was displaced by the pointed arch in the latter part of the twelfth century. Iffley Church is a good example of the style.

Front of Iffley Church

Very few examples remain of important Norman façades in their original form, nearly all of these…

Constructive system of a Gothic church illustrating the principles of isolated supports and buttressing.

Constructive System of a Gothic Church

Constructive system of a Gothic church illustrating the principles of isolated supports and buttressing.

A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery. The name "rose window" was not used before the 17th century and according to the Oxford English Dictionary, among other authorities, comes from the English flower name rose.

Rose Window, Church of St. Ouen, Rouen

A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but…

The facade of a large church or cathedral, often referred to as the West Front, is generally designed to create a powerful impression on the approaching worshipper, demonstrating both the might of God, and the might of the institution that it represents. Central to the facade is the main portal, often flanked by additional doors. There may be much other carving, often of figures in niches set into the mouldings around the portals, or in sculptural screens extending across the facade. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.

Early Gothic Carving

The facade of a large church or cathedral, often referred to as the West Front, is generally designed…

A bay is a module in classical or Gothic architecture, the distance between two supports of a vault or the unit of an opening and its framing on a façade.

Bay of Abbey of St. Denis

A bay is a module in classical or Gothic architecture, the distance between two supports of a vault…

Lichfield Cathedral is situated in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. It is the only medieval English cathedral with three spires. Architecturally, the choir (alt. spelling quire) is the area of a church or cathedral, usually in the western part of the chancel between the nave and the sanctuary (which houses the altar). A bay is a module in classical or Gothic architecture, the distance between two supports of a vault or the unit of an opening and its framing on a façade.

One Bay of Choir, Lichfield Cathedral

Lichfield Cathedral is situated in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. It is the only medieval English…

The Elisabeth Church in Marburg was built by the Order of the Teutonic Knights in honor of Elisabeth of Hungary. Her tomb made the church an important pilgrimage destination in the late Middle Ages. The building is now a Protestant church.

Section of Elisabeth Church, Marburg, Germany

The Elisabeth Church in Marburg was built by the Order of the Teutonic Knights in honor of Elisabeth…

The Cathedral of St Martin (Italian Duomo) is a church in Lucca, Italy. It was begun in 1063 by Bishop Anselm (later Pope Alexander II). Of this structure, the great apse with its tall columnar arcades and the fine campanile remain. A bay is a module in classical or Gothic architecture, the distance between two supports of a vault or the unit of an opening and its framing on a façade.

One Bay, Nave of Lucca Cathedral

The Cathedral of St Martin (Italian Duomo) is a church in Lucca, Italy. It was begun in 1063 by Bishop…

The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral church (Duomo) of Florence, Italy, begun in 1296 and with major construction completed in 1436. The basilica is notable for its dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, its exterior facing of polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white.

Section of the Dome of Duomo, Florence

The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral church (Duomo) of Florence, Italy, begun in 1296…

The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal palace, situated between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois. Its origins date back to the medieval period and its present structure has evolved in stages since the sixteenth century.

Plan of Louvre and Tuileries, Paris

The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal palace, situated between…

Ely Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely) is the principal church of the Diocese of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, and the seat of the Bishop of Ely. It is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape that towers above the surrounding flat and watery landscape.

Ely Cathedral

Ely Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely) is the principal…

The Nave of Bourges Cathedral in France showing the sexpartite vaulting, divided into six parts.

Sexpartite Vaulting

The Nave of Bourges Cathedral in France showing the sexpartite vaulting, divided into six parts.

The "clearstory window of St. Leu d'Esserent, France" showing a sexfoil window, of six petals. -Whitney, 1911

Clerestory

The "clearstory window of St. Leu d'Esserent, France" showing a sexfoil window, of six petals. -Whitney,…

A frame with a spinning wheel in the foregroud. A ship can be seen on the left and a church steeple on the right.

Spinning Wheel

A frame with a spinning wheel in the foregroud. A ship can be seen on the left and a church steeple…

"Architectural Refinement from Church of St. Quentin, France ... deviations from the geometrical accuracy of purely structural lines, which have been found widely distributed in architecture before the most modern era." -Whitney, 1911

Refinement

"Architectural Refinement from Church of St. Quentin, France ... deviations from the geometrical…

The French Renaissance Leaf design tend to look more formal. This design was found in a church in Epernay (Northern France).

French Leaf Renaissance

The French Renaissance Leaf design tend to look more formal. This design was found in a church in Epernay…

The Dolphin Frieze is a part of a larger frieze found in Rome at the Arco della chiesa nuovo (the arc of the new church) during the Italian Renaissance.

Dolphin Frieze

The Dolphin Frieze is a part of a larger frieze found in Rome at the Arco della chiesa nuovo (the arc…

The Satyr Mask (Greek Mythological character) was designed during the Italian Renaissance by Sansovino, is placed over a Festoon (wreath) in St. Maria del Popolo, a church in Rome, Italy.

Satyr Mask

The Satyr Mask (Greek Mythological character) was designed during the Italian Renaissance by Sansovino,…

The Winged Grotesque pilaster is a squatting winged female without arms. It is found on the tomb of Louis XII in the St. Denis church. It was designed during the French Renaissance.

Winged Grotesque Pilaster

The Winged Grotesque pilaster is a squatting winged female without arms. It is found on the tomb of…

This large vase was designed for the tomb of Louis XII in the Church of St. Denis, France during the French Renaissance.

Large Vase

This large vase was designed for the tomb of Louis XII in the Church of St. Denis, France during the…

This Medieval link border is found in a mural painting in a swedish church.

Medieval Link Border

This Medieval link border is found in a mural painting in a swedish church.

The gable of Church Cross is found in St. Urban's, Unterlimburg, Germany. It is used as a finial on Gables (top of roof).

Gable of Church Cross

The gable of Church Cross is found in St. Urban's, Unterlimburg, Germany. It is used as a finial on…

The bracket piscina pendant knob is found under the piscina of a church. It is a 16th century French design.

Bracket Piscina Pendant Knob

The bracket piscina pendant knob is found under the piscina of a church. It is a 16th century French…

The gothic hinge is found on a church door in Viersen, Germany. It is an extended strap hinge that is made of wrought metal-work.

Gothic Hinge

The gothic hinge is found on a church door in Viersen, Germany. It is an extended strap hinge that is…

The medieval maniple valence is an embroidered band of silk that is typically worn by priests in the Roman Catholic church. It is ornamented with cords, tassels and embroidery.

Medieval Maniple Valence

The medieval maniple valence is an embroidered band of silk that is typically worn by priests in the…

The decorated shaft is found in a church in Tournus, France. It is a design of geometrical networks.

Decorated Shaft

The decorated shaft is found in a church in Tournus, France. It is a design of geometrical networks.

The Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in St. Gereon's church in Cologne, Germany. It is a design of a half sphere that is cut by planes below and on the four sides.

Romanesque Cushion Capital

The Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in St. Gereon's church in Cologne, Germany. It is a design of…

This Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in the Abbey church in Germany. It is a design of a half sphere that is cut by planes below and on the four sides.

Romanesque Cushion Capital

This Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in the Abbey church in Germany. It is a design of a half sphere…

The Romanesque Double-Cushion Capital is an 11th century design found in the Rosheim church in France. It is a design of a half sphere that is cut by planes below and on the four sides.

Romanesque Double-Cushion Capital

The Romanesque Double-Cushion Capital is an 11th century design found in the Rosheim church in France.…

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent of the Antique style.

Romanesque Capital

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent…

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent of the Antique style.

Romanesque Capital

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent…

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent of the Antique style.

Romanesque Capital

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent…

The wood baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found as stalls in the St. Maria Novella church in Florence, Italy.

Wood Baluster

The wood baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found as stalls in the St. Maria Novella…

This medieval console is found in a church in Athis, France.

Medieval Console

This medieval console is found in a church in Athis, France.

This Renaissance console is made out of marble. It is an Italian design found in the Santa Maria de Miracoli church in Venice, Italy.

Renaissance Console

This Renaissance console is made out of marble. It is an Italian design found in the Santa Maria de…

The Gothic square panel is a 15th century design of tiles found in Bloxham church, England.

Gothic Square Panel

The Gothic square panel is a 15th century design of tiles found in Bloxham church, England.

The Renaissance square panel is a motif that comes from a robe in the St. Croce church in Florence, Italy.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a motif that comes from a robe in the St. Croce church in Florence,…

The Renaissance square panel is an intarsia (wood inlaying) design found on the stalls of a church in Pavia, Italy.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is an intarsia (wood inlaying) design found on the stalls of a church in…