A grape cutting.

Grape cutting

A grape cutting.

An illustration of a grape and vine divider

Grape and Vine Divider

An illustration of a grape and vine divider

"These [upright] systems are sometimes referred to as the "goblet" systems, since when the shoots are tied together the plant bears a certain resemblance to such a glass. As a rule, these vines make comparatively little growth, and the canes are severely cut back each year."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Upright System of Grape Training

"These [upright] systems are sometimes referred to as the "goblet" systems, since when the shoots are…

Illustrated is a blight of grapes due to some constitutional disorder. The leaves die first at the edges.

Blight of Grapes

Illustrated is a blight of grapes due to some constitutional disorder. The leaves die first at the edges.

A grapevine sprung from a small cutting after one year.

Grapevine

A grapevine sprung from a small cutting after one year.

An illustration of a grapevine.

Grapevine

An illustration of a grapevine.

An illustration of a grapevine.

Grapevine

An illustration of a grapevine.

"Flower of the grape vine; Anticuous Anthers."-Whitney, 1902

Grapevine Flower

"Flower of the grape vine; Anticuous Anthers."-Whitney, 1902

An illustration of the grapevine fruit, a grape.

Grapevine Fruit

An illustration of the grapevine fruit, a grape.

"Grape-vine Phylloxera, young." —Davison, 1906

Phylloxera

"Grape-vine Phylloxera, young." —Davison, 1906

A diagram of the horizontal arm spur system, depicting the various parts of a vine.

Horizontal Arm Spur System

A diagram of the horizontal arm spur system, depicting the various parts of a vine.

An image depicting a pruned vine that was trained according to the umbrella system. This system is also called the two-cane Kniffin.

Pruned System According to the Umbrella System

An image depicting a pruned vine that was trained according to the umbrella system. This system is also…

A diagram depicting an unpruned vine trained according to the umbrella system. This image shows stem renewal. This system is also known as the two-cane Kniffin system.

Unpruned Vine According to the Umbrella System

A diagram depicting an unpruned vine trained according to the umbrella system. This image shows stem…

A well-known climbing shrub, which consists of climbing plants with woody stems, simple or compound leaves, small green flowers, and round berries.

Vine

A well-known climbing shrub, which consists of climbing plants with woody stems, simple or compound…

An unpruned vine trained according to the Hudson horizontal system.

Unpruned Vine

An unpruned vine trained according to the Hudson horizontal system.

"In Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, and elsewhere the manufacture of wine from grapes is an important industry of the people." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

Wine growing

"In Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, and elsewhere the manufacture of wine from grapes is an important…

"Copied from the wall of a house in Pompeii, representing the vintagers treading grapes with their feet." — Goodrich, 1844

Winemaking

"Copied from the wall of a house in Pompeii, representing the vintagers treading grapes with their feet."…