Illustration of an aerial view of an 11th century Norman castle in Europe. From this view, it is possible to see the outer wall, moat, outer and inner courts, the keep, turrets, stables and other interior buildings. There is a palisade of stakes around the moat.

An 11th Century Norman Castle, Aerial View

Illustration of an aerial view of an 11th century Norman castle in Europe. From this view, it is possible…

"Section of Fortified Wall. (Interior on the left; exterior on the right.) a, a, is the abatis; b, b, the counterscarp; c, c, the palisade; d, d, the scarp; f, f, the fraise; f, e, g, g, the parapet; h, the banquette; and i, g, the breast-height." -Whitney, 1911

Section of Fortified Wall

"Section of Fortified Wall. (Interior on the left; exterior on the right.) a, a, is the abatis; b, b,…

"Diagram to show the architecture of a typical leaf in the region of one of the lateral veins. The shaded parts amongst the palisade and spongy parenchyma represent intercellular spaces." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Architecture

"Diagram to show the architecture of a typical leaf in the region of one of the lateral veins. The shaded…

"Palisades should be planted to incline slightly to the front. As little earth should be disturbed in digging as possible, and one side of the trench should be kept in the desired plane fo the palisade." — Moss, 1914

Palisade

"Palisades should be planted to incline slightly to the front. As little earth should be disturbed in…

This illustration shows a section of a leaf of Rhododendron. Note the compact palisade tissue which results from intense light.

Rhododendron

This illustration shows a section of a leaf of Rhododendron. Note the compact palisade tissue which…

This illustration shows a section of the leaf of skunk cabbage, Spathyema. Note the poorly developed palisade tissue and the loose arrangement of the cells of this plant which lives in moist, shaded places.

Spathyema

This illustration shows a section of the leaf of skunk cabbage, Spathyema. Note the poorly developed…