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"Ambulacral system of a starfish. a, ampullae; ap, Polian vesicles; c, circular canal; m, madreporite; m', madreporic canal; p, tube-feet; r, radial vessels; r', branches to ampullae." -Parker, 1900

Ambulacral System

"Ambulacral system of a starfish. a, ampullae; ap, Polian vesicles; c, circular canal; m, madreporite;…

"Tergal skeleton of Asterius rubens. a, connecting pieces; b, spinebearing plates." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Asterius Rubens

"Tergal skeleton of Asterius rubens. a, connecting pieces; b, spinebearing plates." — Encyclopedia…

"Asterias rubens. a, 4-ranked pedicelis; b, end of pedicel magnified." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Asterius Rubens

"Asterias rubens. a, 4-ranked pedicelis; b, end of pedicel magnified." — Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"The rays are sometimes very short, or altogether wanting, the body having the form of a pentagonal disk." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astrogonium Phrygianum

"The rays are sometimes very short, or altogether wanting, the body having the form of a pentagonal…

"Section of ray of Astropecten aurantiacus. a, vertebral ossicles; b, adambulacral ossicles; c, d, marginal ossicles; e, paxillae." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Astropectenn Aurantiacus

"Section of ray of Astropecten aurantiacus. a, vertebral ossicles; b, adambulacral ossicles; c, d, marginal…

A common form of brittle star, dorsal view.

Brittle Star

A common form of brittle star, dorsal view.

"Common Starfish (Asterias forbesi)."-Whitney, 1902.

Common Starfish

"Common Starfish (Asterias forbesi)."-Whitney, 1902.

"Palaechinus sphaericus, Scouler; Carbouiferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Palaechinus sphaericus, Scouler; Carbouiferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Archaeocidaris Urii, Flem (spine and intermediate plate); Carboniferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Archaeocidaris Urii, Flem (spine and intermediate plate); Carboniferous, Ireland." — Encyclopedia…

"Cidaris glandifera, Goldf (spine); Jura, Mount Carmel." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Cidaris glandifera, Goldf (spine); Jura, Mount Carmel." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Hemicidaris intermedia, Flem.; Corallian, Calne." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Hemicidaris intermedia, Flem.; Corallian, Calne." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Salenia petalifers, Desm., U Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Salenia petalifers, Desm., U Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Dysaster ringens, Ag., Inferior Oolite, Dorset." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Dysaster ringens, Ag., Inferior Oolite, Dorset." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Hemipneustes Greenovii, Forbes, U. Greensand, Blackdown" — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Hemipneustes Greenovii, Forbes, U. Greensand, Blackdown" — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Catopygus carinatus Goldf., U. Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Catopygus carinatus Goldf., U. Greensand, Wilts." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Cidaris florigemma, with spine, a, and single ambulacral plate, magnified, b, (after Wright; Coral Rag." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Cidaris florigemma, with spine, a, and single ambulacral plate, magnified, b, (after Wright; Coral…

"Ananchytes ovatus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Europe." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Ananchytes ovatus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Europe." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pygaster semisulcatus, Ph.; Inf. Oolite, Cheltenham." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Pygaster semisulcatus, Ph.; Inf. Oolite, Cheltenham." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Galerites albogalerus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Kent." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Galerites albogalerus, Lam.; U. Chalk, Kent." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Scutella subrotunda; Miocene, Malta." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fossil Echinidea

"Scutella subrotunda; Miocene, Malta." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Ophioglypha lacertosa. A, outline, of the natural size; B, central disc, dorsal view; C, the disc, ventral view showing the mouth and genital fissures." -Parker, 1900

O. Lacertosa

"Ophioglypha lacertosa. A, outline, of the natural size; B, central disc, dorsal view; C, the disc,…

"Ventral surface of disc of an Ophiuroid (Ophiothrix fragilis). g., Openings of genital pockets or bursae; m., mouth; v., ventral plates of arms; sp., spines of arms; tf., tube-feet--at the right side these are represented as retracted; o., the opening through which they are protruded; p., plates around mouth bearing the so-called teeth; one of these plates is perforated, and functions as the madreporite." -Thomson, 1916

Ophiuroid

"Ventral surface of disc of an Ophiuroid (Ophiothrix fragilis). g., Openings of genital pockets or bursae;…

Sea cucumber dissected to show alimentary canal.

Sea cucumber

Sea cucumber dissected to show alimentary canal.

"The common British species of Solaster, S. papposus, has ordinarily 13 rays." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Solaster Papposus

"The common British species of Solaster, S. papposus, has ordinarily 13 rays." — Encyclopedia…

The common starfish is a five rayed star. The central body is called the disk and the arms are the rays.

Starfish

The common starfish is a five rayed star. The central body is called the disk and the arms are the rays.

The common starfish is a five rayed star. The central body is called the disk and the arms are the rays. This is the water tube system of the starfish.

Starfish

The common starfish is a five rayed star. The central body is called the disk and the arms are the rays.…

An echinoderm called a starfish or sea star.

Starfish

An echinoderm called a starfish or sea star.

A Radiate Echinoderm, the starfish, Paleaster Niagarensis.

Starfish

A Radiate Echinoderm, the starfish, Paleaster Niagarensis.

"Starfish. I. Ventral surface; t.f., tube-feet extended; a.g., the ambulacral groove with the tube-feet retracted; m., the mouth. II. Dorsal surface, showing the position of the madrepore (M.); the two adjacent arms form the bivium." -Thomson, 1916

Starfish

"Starfish. I. Ventral surface; t.f., tube-feet extended; a.g., the ambulacral groove with the tube-feet…

A common form of star-fish.

Starfish

A common form of star-fish.

"Diagrammatic cross-section of starfish arm. n., Radial nerve; b.v., radial blood vessel according to Ludwig, septum in pseud-haemal vessel according to others; w.v., radial water vessel; am., ampulla; t.f., tube-foot; p.c., a pyloric caecum cut across; s.p., a calcareous spine; g., a skin-gill; lac., spaces in the wall; go., ova in ovary; a.o., ambulacral ossicle." -Thomson, 1916

Starfish Arm

"Diagrammatic cross-section of starfish arm. n., Radial nerve; b.v., radial blood vessel according to…

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured]Common Starfish, reproducing rays"—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Common Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured]Common Starfish (Asterias rubens)"—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Common Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…

"Asterias rubens. Digestive system. an, anus; card. st, cardiac division of the stomach; int. caec, intestinal caeca; madr, madreporite; ply. caec, pyloric caeca; pyl. st, pyloric division of the stomach." -Parker, 1900

Common Starfish

"Asterias rubens. Digestive system. an, anus; card. st, cardiac division of the stomach; int. caec,…

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured]Eyed Cribella (Cribella oculata)"—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Eyed Cribella Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured] Lesser Sand-star (Ophiura albida)"—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lesser Sand-Star Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the Atlantic coasts. The body is more or less star shaped, and consists of a central portion, or disk, surrounded by five or more lobes, or arms, radiating from the body and containing prolongations of the viscera. The mouth is situated in the center of the lower surface of the body, and the anus is either absent or on the upper surface. Locomotion is effected by means of peculiar tube-like processes, which are protruded from the under surface of the arms. They possess in a high degree the power of reproducing lost members and abound in all seas. [Pictured]Gibbous Starlet (Asterina gibbosa)"—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Lesser Sand-star Starfish

"Starfish is a popular name for any individual of the family Asteridæ, a familiar object on the…