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Deep layers of the muscles of the back.

Back Muscles

Deep layers of the muscles of the back.

A cervical vertebra. Labels: Frt, vertebral foramen; Pai, anterior articular process; R, rudimentary rib.

A Cervical Vertebra

A cervical vertebra. Labels: Frt, vertebral foramen; Pai, anterior articular process; R, rudimentary…

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse process; 5, articular process, inferior surface. Below the arch, or hollow portion, is seen the solid portion, or body.

Human Cervical Vertebra Bone

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse…

The vertebrae of the coccyx.

The Coccyx

The vertebrae of the coccyx.

"Segment of Endoskeleton from Thoracic Region of Crocodile. C, centrum of a vertebra, over which rises the neural arch, inclosing the neural canal and ending in NS, the neural spine; Z, prezygapophysis; Z', postzygapophysis; Tt, transverse process which articulates with t, tubercle of a rib; Cpt, that which articulates with Cp, capitulum of a rib; Vr, ossified vertebral rib, or pleurapophysis; Vr', cartilaginous part of same; Str, sternal rib, or hemapophysis; St, segment of sternum; Pu, uncinate process of a rib or epipleura. From Cpt to St, on either side, is the hemal arch." -Whitney, 1911

Crocodile Thoracic Region

"Segment of Endoskeleton from Thoracic Region of Crocodile. C, centrum of a vertebra, over which rises…

The pelvis and caudal vertebrae of an adult fowl.

Fowl Pelvis

The pelvis and caudal vertebrae of an adult fowl.

A comparison of vertebrate hands. A, hand or anterior foot of the dog; B, that of the hog; C, that of the elk; D, that of the ox. Digits: I, pollex; II, index; III, medius; IV, annukus; V, minimus.

Hands of Vertebrates

A comparison of vertebrate hands. A, hand or anterior foot of the dog; B, that of the hog; C, that of…

"Skeleton of Horse (Equus caballus). fr, frontal bone; C, cervical vertebrae; D, dorsal vertebrae; L, lumbar vertebrae; cd, caudal vertebrae; sc, scapula; pe, pelvis; ma, mandible; hu, humerus; ra, radius; cp, carpus; mc, metacarpus; fe, femur; tib, tibia; ca, calcaneum; tar, tarsus; mt, metatarsus; p, phalanges." -Whitney, 1911

Horse Skeleton

"Skeleton of Horse (Equus caballus). fr, frontal bone; C, cervical vertebrae; D, dorsal vertebrae; L,…

The last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum seen from the ventral side.

Lumbar and Sacrum of Spine

The last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum seen from the ventral side.

The illustration exhibits the typical characters of the red blood cells in the main divisions of Vertbrata. The fractions are those of an inch, and represent the average diameter. In the case of the oval cells, only the long diameter is here given. It is remarkable, that although the size of the red blood cells varies so much in the different classes of the vertebrate kingdom, that of the white corpuscles remains comparatively uniform, and thus are, in some animals, much greater, in others much less than the red corpuscles existing side by side with them.

Red Blood Cells in Vertebrata

The illustration exhibits the typical characters of the red blood cells in the main divisions of Vertbrata.…

The ribs of the left side, with the dorsal and two lumbar vertebrae, the rib cartilages, and the sternum.

The Ribs

The ribs of the left side, with the dorsal and two lumbar vertebrae, the rib cartilages, and the sternum.

The vertebrae of the sacrum.

The Sacrum

The vertebrae of the sacrum.

Scaleni muscles.

Scaleni Muscles

Scaleni muscles.

The skeleton of the dog. Axial skeleton. The skull. Cranial bones- a, occipital, 1; b, parietal, 2; d, frontal, 2; c, temporal, 2; sphenoid, 1; ethmoid, 2; auditory ossicles, 8. Facial Bones- f, nasal, 2; e, lachrymal, 2; d, malar, 2; h, maxilla, 2; g, premaxilla, 2. Teeth: incisors, 12; canines, 4; molars, 26. The trunk- l, cervical vertebrae, 7; m, dorsal vertebrea, 13; n, lumbar vertebrae, 7; o, sacrum (three segments), 1; p, coccygeal phalanges (variable), 20; t, ribs, 26; * sternum (eight sternebrae), 1. Appendicular Skeleton. Pectoral Limb. u, scapula, 2; v, humerus, 2; w, radius, 2; x, ulna. Carpus: y, trapezium, 2; z cuneiform, 2; a', scaphoid, 2; b', unciform, 2; c', magnum, 2; d', trapezoid, 2; e', pisiform,2; metacarpal bones, 10; h', anterior sesamoids, 10; g' posterior sesamoids, 20. Digits- i' proximal phalanges, 10; k', median phalanges, 8; l', distal phalanges, 10; small sesamoids wanting. Pelvic Limb. Pelvis: q, ilium, 2; r, pubis, 2; s, ischium, 2. The limb-m', femur, 2; o', fabellae, 4; n', patella, 2; q', tibia, 2; p', tibial sesamoid, 2; r', fibula, 2. Tarsus: s', calcaneum, 2; t', astragalus, 2; u', cuboid, 2; v', superior cuneiform, 2; w', ectocuneiforme, 2; x', mesocuneiforme, 2; y', edocuneiforme, 2. Metatarsus: large bones, 8; z',small bones, 2; anterior sesamoids, 8; posterior sesamoids, 16. Digit: proximal phalanges, 8; median phalanges, 8; distal phalanges, 8; small sesamoids wanting. Visceral Skeleton. Os Penis, 1; Rudimentary clavicle (inconstant), 2. The bones of the Carnivora Skeleton, thus considered, are 345.

Skeleton of a Dog

The skeleton of the dog. Axial skeleton. The skull. Cranial bones- a, occipital, 1; b, parietal, 2;…

Skeleton of the hog. Axial skeleton. The skull. Cranial bones- a, occipital, 1; b, parietal, 2; d, frontal, 2; c, temporal, 2; sphenoid, 1; ethmoid, 1; auditory ossicles, 8. Facial Bones- g, nasal, 2; h, os rostri, 1; f, lachrymal, 2; e, malar, 2; i, maxilla, 2; k, premaxilla, 2; l, inferior maxilla, 1; palatine, 2; 2, pterygoid, 2; vomer, 1; turbinals, 4; hyoid series, 5. Teeth: incisors, 12; canines, 4; molars, 28. The trunk- m, cervicle vertebre (variable), 18; r, ribs, 28; * sternum (seven sternebrae), 1. Appendicular Skeleton. Pectoral Limb. v, scapula, 2; w, humerus, 2; x, radius, 2; y, ulna, 2. carpus: z, trapezium, 2; a', cuneiform, 2; b', lunar, 2; c', scaphoid, 2; d', unciform, 2; e', magnum, 2; f', trapezoid, 2; g', pisiform, phalanges, 8; l', distal phalanges, 8; l", small sesamoids, 8. Pelvic Limb. Pelvis: s, ilium, 2; t, pubis, 2; u, ischium, 2. The limb-m', femur, 2; n', patella, 2; o', tibia, 2; p' fibula, 2. Tarsus- q' calcaneum, 3; r', astragalus, 2; s', cuboid, 2; t', cuneiforme magnum, 2; u', ecto-cuneiforme, 2; v' w', meso and endo cuneiformes, 4. Metatatarsus: large bones, 8; x', small bones 2; y', large sesamoids, 16. Digit: proximal phalanges, 8; median phalanges, 8; distal phalanges, 8; small sesamoids, 8. Visceral Skeleton- None. The separate bones of the skeleton of the hog, as here considered, are 234.

Skeleton of a Hog

Skeleton of the hog. Axial skeleton. The skull. Cranial bones- a, occipital, 1; b, parietal, 2; d, frontal,…

Scheme of the origin, connection, and distribution of the spinal accessory nerve. Labels: Sp.Acc, spinal accessory nerve; C.1-4, first four cervical nerves (dorsal roots); Va, pneumogastric nerve; R, ganglion of the root; t, ganglion of the trunk; G.Ph, glossopharyngeal nerve; S.M, nerves to sternocleidomastoid; Tr, nerves to trapezius; F.M, foramen magnum; J.F, jugular foramen.

Spinal Accessory Nerve

Scheme of the origin, connection, and distribution of the spinal accessory nerve. Labels: Sp.Acc, spinal…

The conus and medullaris and the filum terminale exposed within the spinal canal.

Sacral Region of Spinal Canal

The conus and medullaris and the filum terminale exposed within the spinal canal.

Side view of the spinal column, with the vertebrae numbered: C1-7, cervical vertebrae; D1-12, dorsal vertebrae; L1-4, lumbar vertebrae; S1, sacrum; Co1-4, coccyx.

Spinal Column

Side view of the spinal column, with the vertebrae numbered: C1-7, cervical vertebrae; D1-12, dorsal…

Lateral view of the spinal column. Labels: 1, atlas; 2, dentata 3, seventh cervical vertebra; 4, twelfth dorsal vertebra; 5, fifth lumbar vertebra; 6, first piece of sacrum; 7, last piece of sacrum; 8, coccyx; 9, a spinous process; 10, 10, intervertebral foramina.

Spinal Column

Lateral view of the spinal column. Labels: 1, atlas; 2, dentata 3, seventh cervical vertebra; 4, twelfth…

View of the entire spinal column. The bodies of the vertebrae are in the front with the spinous processes on the other side. Between the row of the bodies of the vertebrae and the row of spinous processes you can see the canal in which lies the spinal marrow.

The Spinal Column

View of the entire spinal column. The bodies of the vertebrae are in the front with the spinous processes…

The spinal column.

Spinal Column

The spinal column.

Lateral view of the vertebral column.

Spinal Column

Lateral view of the vertebral column.

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19, dorsal vertebrae; 20 to 24, lumbar vertebrae; A, A, spinous processes; C, D, transverse processes; E, intervertebral aperture or foramen; a, atlas; 2, axis.

Human Spinal Column

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19,…

Side view of the spinal column. Labels: C 1-7, cervical; D 1-12, dorsal; L 1-15 lumbar; S 1, sacrum; Co 1-4, coccygeal.

Side View of the Spinal Column

Side view of the spinal column. Labels: C 1-7, cervical; D 1-12, dorsal; L 1-15 lumbar; S 1, sacrum;…

The skull and spinal canal of a child from behind with the Dura Mater slit open and ribs with the transverse processes of vertebrae dissected out.

The Position of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves in the Spinal Canal

The skull and spinal canal of a child from behind with the Dura Mater slit open and ribs with the transverse…

Transverse sections of spinal cord at different levels.

Transverse Sections of Spinal Cord

Transverse sections of spinal cord at different levels.

Table giving approximate areas of distribution of the different spinal nerves with a diagram showing their respective levels of exit from the vertebral column.

Distribution of the Spinal Nerves

Table giving approximate areas of distribution of the different spinal nerves with a diagram showing…

"The spine, sawn in two lengthwise, showing the spinal canal and the holes between the vertebrae, where nerves and blood-vessels pass out." — Tracy, 1888

Spine

"The spine, sawn in two lengthwise, showing the spinal canal and the holes between the vertebrae, where…

The spine showing the seven vertebrae of the neck, cervical; the twelve of the back, dorsal; the five of the loins, lumbar; the sacrum (a), and the coccyx (b), comprising the nine "false vertebrae".

The Spine

The spine showing the seven vertebrae of the neck, cervical; the twelve of the back, dorsal; the five…

Anterior and posterior view of adult spine.

Anterior and Posterior Views of Spine

Anterior and posterior view of adult spine.

Lateral view of adult spine.

Lateral View of Spine

Lateral view of adult spine.

Cervical vertebrae seen from in the front.

Vertebra

Cervical vertebrae seen from in the front.

The atlas, the uppermost vertebra of the spinal column. Labels: 1, anterior tubercle; 2, articular face for the dentata; 3, posterior surface of spinal canal; 4, 4, intervertebral notch; 5, transverse process; 6, foramen for vertebral artery; 7, superior oblique process; 8, tubercle for the transverse ligament.

The Atlas Vertebra

The atlas, the uppermost vertebra of the spinal column. Labels: 1, anterior tubercle; 2, articular face…

Two views of vertebra. 24 vertebrae make up the spinal column. On the left figure, <em>a</em> is the body of the bone; <em>b</em> is the hole through the vertebra which forms its part of the canal for the spinal marrow; and <em>c</em> is the spinous process. On the right is a side view of the same vertebra.

Two Views of a Vertebra

Two views of vertebra. 24 vertebrae make up the spinal column. On the left figure, a is the…

"Section of two lumbar vertebrae, showing ligaments."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Lumbar vertebrae

"Section of two lumbar vertebrae, showing ligaments."—Finley, 1917

First, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth thoracic vertebrae from the left side. 1, Inferior articular process with out-turned facet. 2, Single facet for head of XII. rib; no facet on transverse process. 3, Single facet for head of XI. rib; no facet on transverse process. 4, Single or demifacet for head of X. rib. 5, Occasional demifacet for head of X. rib. 6. Demifacet for head of IX. rib. 7, Demifacet for head of II. rib. 8, Single facet o head of II. rib. 9, Facet on transverse process for tuberosity of I. rib. 10, Facet on transverse process for tuberosity of IX. rib. Labels: S, superior tubercles corresponding to mammillary; I, inferior tubercles corresponding to accessory; e, external tubercles corresponding to transverse of lumbar.

Thoracic Vertebrae

First, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth thoracic vertebrae from the left side. 1, Inferior articular…

The vertebral column from behind.

Back View of Vertebral Column

The vertebral column from behind.

Lateral and posterior views of the vertebral column.

Lateral and Posterior View of the Vertebral Column

Lateral and posterior views of the vertebral column.

The vertebral column from the left side.

Side View of Vertebral Column

The vertebral column from the left side.

Ventral view of the prevertebral muscles.

Vertebral Muscles

Ventral view of the prevertebral muscles.