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"An instrument for indicating the velocity or pressure of the wind; a wind-gage."-Whitney, 1902

Anemometer

"An instrument for indicating the velocity or pressure of the wind; a wind-gage."-Whitney, 1902

"An instrument for indicating the velocity or pressure of the wind; a wind-gage."-Whitney, 1902

Anemometer

"An instrument for indicating the velocity or pressure of the wind; a wind-gage."-Whitney, 1902

Auroras are caused by the passage of electricity through the rare air of the upper regions.

Aurora Borealis

Auroras are caused by the passage of electricity through the rare air of the upper regions.

A homemade barometer made using a bottle.

Barometer

A homemade barometer made using a bottle.

The simplest form of the weather barometer made with mercury.

Barometer

The simplest form of the weather barometer made with mercury.

"A Torricellian tube, firmly fixed to an upright support and properly graduated, constitutes a mercurial barometer. The zero of the scale is at the surface of the mercury in the cistern." — Avery, 1895

Barometer

"A Torricellian tube, firmly fixed to an upright support and properly graduated, constitutes a mercurial…

A standard mercury barometer has a glass column of about 30 inches in height, closed at one end, with an open mercury-filled reservoir at the base. Mercury in the tube adjusts until the weight of the mercury column balances the atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir.

Barometer

A standard mercury barometer has a glass column of about 30 inches in height, closed at one end, with…

The barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Barometer

The barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

The Aneroid Barometer is an instrument used in measuring atmospheric pressure. The aneroid barometer is circular and has a spindal for measurement.

Aneroid Barometer

The Aneroid Barometer is an instrument used in measuring atmospheric pressure. The aneroid barometer…

"The aneroid barometer is an easily portable instrument, and avoids the use of any liquid. It consists of a circular metallic box, exhausted of air, the corrugated diaphragm of which is held in a state of tension by springs." — Avery, 1895

Aneroid barometer

"The aneroid barometer is an easily portable instrument, and avoids the use of any liquid. It consists…

"This is an instrument shaped something like a small clock, and the barometric pressure is read by means of a hand or indicator, on a scale of inches placed on the face like the minute divisions of a clock." — Waldo, 1896

Aneroid Barometer

"This is an instrument shaped something like a small clock, and the barometric pressure is read by means…

The liquid barometer is an instrument used in measuring atmospheric pressure. The liquid barometer uses a method of water rather than a dial with the aneroid barometer.

Liquid Barometer

The liquid barometer is an instrument used in measuring atmospheric pressure. The liquid barometer uses…

"Dioptric Floating Light. Elevation." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Dioptric Light

"Dioptric Floating Light. Elevation." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Dioptric Floating Light. Horizontal Section." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Dioptric Light

"Dioptric Floating Light. Horizontal Section." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

When the atmosphere is highly charged with electricity, faint tinges of fire are often seen on the ends of bodies in connection with the earth, like the masts of ship, steeples, etc., due to an electric charge, known as the <em>brush-discharge</em>.

Elmo's Fire

When the atmosphere is highly charged with electricity, faint tinges of fire are often seen on the ends…

"aa is the mast, b tackle hook, c, c brass flanges for fixing parts of lantern together, e and g weather guards, h plate glass front of lantern, i shutter by which lamps are trimmed, k lamps, l silver reflector. Revolving catoptric apparatus was applied to floating lights in England, and M. Letourneau, in 1851, proposed to employ a number of sets of dioptric apparatus in one lantern." &mdash;The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Floating Lights

"aa is the mast, b tackle hook, c, c brass flanges for fixing parts of lantern together, e and g weather…

An illustration of a girl being blown by extremely strong winds and rain.

Girl Being Blown by Storm

An illustration of a girl being blown by extremely strong winds and rain.

An illustration of a girl holding an umbrella and noticing that it is about to begin to rain.

Girl Noticing the Rain

An illustration of a girl holding an umbrella and noticing that it is about to begin to rain.

A girl walking in the rain, holding an umbrella.

Girl with Umbrella

A girl walking in the rain, holding an umbrella.

An illustration of a young girl holding an umbrella with a dog following behind holding a pail in its mouth.

Girl with Umbrella & Dog in Rainstorm

An illustration of a young girl holding an umbrella with a dog following behind holding a pail in its…

When the glacier extends into the sea, the base is undermined by the warmer waters of the ocean, and great fragments are broken off by the waves, forming floating mountains of ice, called <em>icebergs</em>. Icebergs are particularly numerous in the North Atlantic, into which they descend from the extensive Arctic glacial region already described.

Icebergs

When the glacier extends into the sea, the base is undermined by the warmer waters of the ocean, and…

During the day the land near the coast becomes warmer than the sea. An ascending current, therefore, rises over the land, and a breeze, called the <em>sea breeze</em>, sets in from the sea, At night the land, from its more rapid cooling, soon becomes colder than the water; the ascending current then rises from the water, and a breeze, called <em>land breeze</em>, sets in from the land.

Land and Sea Breezes

During the day the land near the coast becomes warmer than the sea. An ascending current, therefore,…

An illustration of a flash of lightning.

Lightning Strike

An illustration of a flash of lightning.

If a magnetized bar or needle be suspended at its centre of gravity so as to move freely in a horizontal plane, after a few oscillations it will come to rest, with one of it ends pointing nearly to the geographical north pole of the earth.

The Magnetic Needle

If a magnetized bar or needle be suspended at its centre of gravity so as to move freely in a horizontal…

An illustration of man on a farm with two young boys. He is pointing at a building with a weather vane on top of it.

Man Pointing

An illustration of man on a farm with two young boys. He is pointing at a building with a weather vane…

One of the best known of the European glaciers is that of <em>Mer de Glace</em> (Sea of Ice). It descends from the slopes of the range of Mont Blanc, and is formed by the confluence of three large glaciers: <em>the Glacier du Geant</em>, <em>the Glacier de Lechaud</em>, and <em>the Glacier du Talefre</em>.

The Mer de Glace

One of the best known of the European glaciers is that of Mer de Glace (Sea of Ice). It descends…

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud. The horizontal mirror reflects the sky, matching the cloud's motion.

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope Horizontal Compass Projection

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud. The horizontal mirror reflects…

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud using a compass. The compass measures the direction of the cloud moving, while the center metal reflects the sky.

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope Horizontal Mirror Projection

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope for observing direction and motion of a cloud using a compass. The compass…

The inside view of Abbe's Marine Nephoscope used to measure the cloud's direction and velocity on a boat. The rounded middle part of the nephoscope is the mirror with the compass is along the circumfrance.

Abbe's Marine Nephoscope Inside View

The inside view of Abbe's Marine Nephoscope used to measure the cloud's direction and velocity on a…

Marvin's Nephoscope to measure direction and velocity of the cloud. This nephoscope is used on land, and made out of a mirror with a string attached to the scale.

Marvin's Nephoscope

Marvin's Nephoscope to measure direction and velocity of the cloud. This nephoscope is used on land,…

The vertical rays are spread over a smaller area, and pass through a thinner layer of air. The vertical rays strike more directly, and, therefore, produce more heat.

Oblique Rays

The vertical rays are spread over a smaller area, and pass through a thinner layer of air. The vertical…

Winds are masses of air in motion. They resemble the currents in the ocean, and result from the same causes-differences of density caused by differences of temperature.

Origin of Winds

Winds are masses of air in motion. They resemble the currents in the ocean, and result from the same…

Cirrus cloud is a type of cloud composed of ice crystals and characterized by thin, wisplike strands, often accompanied by tufts. A Cumulus cloud is a cloud belonging to a class characterized by puffs, mounds or towers, with flat bases and tops that often resemble cauliflower.

Primary Forms of Clouds: Cirrus and Cumulus

Cirrus cloud is a type of cloud composed of ice crystals and characterized by thin, wisplike strands,…

A Nimbus, or Storm Cloud, is any cloud from which rain falls. The Stratus, or Layer Clouds, form in long, horizontal sheets or bands. These clouds are most common in the early morning or evening, when the ascending currents are weak.

Primary Forms of Clouds: Nimbus and Stratus

A Nimbus, or Storm Cloud, is any cloud from which rain falls. The Stratus, or Layer Clouds, form in…

Rainy day, girl with her umbrella.

Rain

Rainy day, girl with her umbrella.

An illustration of a boy stuck in a rainstorm.

Boy in Rainstorm

An illustration of a boy stuck in a rainstorm.

The wind is supposed to rotate as in a cyclone, only the axis of the whirl is horizontal instead of vertical. Two horizontal layers of cloud exist-the upper layer of snow, the lower, or rain. The snowflakes, which form the nuclei of the hailstones, are caught in the whirl, are dipped in rapid succession into the two clouds, thus receiving alternate coatings of ice and snow, until at last they are hurried to the ground.

Rotary Theory of Hail

The wind is supposed to rotate as in a cyclone, only the axis of the whirl is horizontal instead of…

During the prevalence of the simoom, particles of fine sand are carried into the atmosphere and obscure the light of the sun. Becoming intensely heated, these particles, by their radiation, increase the temperature of the air, which sometimes rises as high as 120 degrees or 130 degrees Fahr. When powerful winds prevail, dense clouds of sand are carried about in the atmosphere, producing the so-called sand storms. The sand-drifts which are thus formed constantly change their position.

Sand Storm in the Desert

During the prevalence of the simoom, particles of fine sand are carried into the atmosphere and obscure…

Cirro-Cumulus is formed from cirrus or cirrostratus clouds when they are warmed gently from below. Cirro-Stratus clouds appear as whitish and usually somewhat fibrous veils, often covering the whole sky and sometimes so thin as to be hardly discernible. The Cumulo-Stratus is the form produced by the heaping together of a mountain-like mass of cumulus clouds.

Secondary Forms of Clouds

Cirro-Cumulus is formed from cirrus or cirrostratus clouds when they are warmed gently from below. Cirro-Stratus…

A sailor being tossed a life line after ship wrecked.

Shipwrecked Sailor

A sailor being tossed a life line after ship wrecked.

"The warmer current ascends, as indicated by the small arrows, and curls at the black wreath (u) of cloud, and then the commingling of the two currents forms an imposing dark dome (v) of cloud, from which heavy rain (r) or hail descends. The light grayish cloud which is seen behind the black wreath is the rain descending from the dark dome. The heavy raindrops bring down a large quantity of cold air, which flies straight out in advance of the storm, and produces the squall (q) indicated by the long arrow."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Line squall

"The warmer current ascends, as indicated by the small arrows, and curls at the black wreath (u) of…

Storms are violent disturbances of the ordinary equilibrium of the atmosphere by wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning.

A Storm at Sea

Storms are violent disturbances of the ordinary equilibrium of the atmosphere by wind, rain, snow, hail,…

Concentric layers, similar to those of an onion, will be noticed, arranged around a central nucleus, sometimes of ice and sometimes of snow, through generally the latter. The stones are more or less oblately spheroidal in shape. Their general weight varies from a few grains to several ounces, but they have been known to way several pounds.

Structure of a Hailstone

Concentric layers, similar to those of an onion, will be noticed, arranged around a central nucleus,…

A tornado is a rotating column of air which is in contact with a cloud base and the surface of the earth.

Tornado

A tornado is a rotating column of air which is in contact with a cloud base and the surface of the earth.

An illustration of a black umbrella with a curved handle.

Black Umbrella with Curved Handle

An illustration of a black umbrella with a curved handle.

"Waterspouts are whirlwinds occurring on the sea or on lakes. When fully formed they appear as tall as pillars of clouds stretching from the sea to the sky, whirling round their axes, and exhibiting the progressive movement of the whole mass precisely as in the case of the dust whirlwind." -Lupton

Waterspouts

"Waterspouts are whirlwinds occurring on the sea or on lakes. When fully formed they appear as tall…

An illustration of a woman wearing a raincoat and holding an umbrella.

Woman Holding Umbrella with Raincoat

An illustration of a woman wearing a raincoat and holding an umbrella.

An illustration of a woman caught in a rainstorm wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella.

Woman in Rainstorm with Umbrella

An illustration of a woman caught in a rainstorm wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella.