Typical Geographical Map Features, 1881
A map from 1881 illustrating common terms used in geography, and their pictorial representations. This chart illustrates the terms mountainous district, mountain chain, (mountain) pass, crater, volcano, hill, table (plateau), peak, (mountain) base, v...

Geological Strata, 1881
A chart from 1881showing the typical levels of geological strata. The chart shows the division of geologic time as the Azoic Age (I), Paleozoic Time (II), Mesozoic Time (III), Cenozoic Time (IV), and Era of Mind, or Age of Man (V)....

Horizons, 1908
A diagram from 1908 showing the different horizons which may be seen from different elevations. "The globular earth is so large that we can see very little of its surface at any one moment, and that little appears flat. If we climb a tree or go ...

A City Plan to Illustrate North and South Hemispheres, 1910
A 1910 drawing of a typical city plan, used to illustrate the need for latitude and longitude. "In a study of geography, it is often necessary to locate places exactly. This is not so easy as it might seem. For instance, suppose we wish to state...

Naming Streets as Illustration of Latitude and Longitude, 1910
A 1910 drawing of a typical city plan, used to illustrate the need for latitude and longitude. "In a study of geography, it is often necessary to locate places exactly. This is not so easy as it might seem. For instance, suppose we wish to state...

Contour Map of a Water Table, 1911
A diagram from 1911 showing the effect of land contour on the flow direction of groundwater within a typical water table in a hilly region. The continuous lines represent landscape contour lines, the heavy black lines represent surface drainage (stre...

Defense of Towns and Villages, 1913
A map from 1916 illustrating the typical defense of towns or villages. The map key shows houses prepared for defense, abatis (field fortifications), shelter trenches, loopholed walls, entanglement placements, wire entanglements, and barricades. The m...