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"Action of current on solenoids. To demonstrate this fact experimentally, a solenoid is constructed as shown...Te solenoid is then moveable about a vertical axis, and if a rectilinear current QP be passed beneath it, which at the same time traverses the wires of the solenoid, the latter is seem to turn and set at right angles to the lower current..." -Hawkins, 1917

Current on Solenoids

"Action of current on solenoids. To demonstrate this fact experimentally, a solenoid is constructed…

"The polarity of the solenoidal magnet may be determined by holding it in the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction of the current; then the extended thumb will point toward the marked or north-seeking pole of the magnet." — Avery, 1895

Solenoidal magnet

"The polarity of the solenoidal magnet may be determined by holding it in the right hand so that the…

"Magnetic field of a solenoid. This is best observed by cutting a piece of cardboard and fitting it around the solenoid, as shown." -Hawkins, 1917

Magnetic field, solenoid

"Magnetic field of a solenoid. This is best observed by cutting a piece of cardboard and fitting it…

"Right hand rule for polarity of a solenoid: If the solenoid be grasped in the right hand, so that the fingers point in the direction in which the current is flowing in the wires, the thumb extended will point in the direction of the north pole [of the solenoid]." Hawkins, 1917

Right Hand Rule, Solenoid

"Right hand rule for polarity of a solenoid: If the solenoid be grasped in the right hand, so that the…

A hand holding a solenoid.

Solenoid

A hand holding a solenoid.

"A coil of wire through which an elecric current is flowing shows magnetic properties similar to those of an electromagnet, b much weaker than those of a similar coil having a soft iron core. Such a coil, if suspended...will assume a north and south position..." -Atkinson 1903

Solenoid

"A coil of wire through which an elecric current is flowing shows magnetic properties similar to those…

"Coil some No. 12 copper wire throuh holes in a board, as shown, and pass a strong current through it. Sprinkle iron filling as before and note the effect. Such a coil of conducting wire, wound so as to afford a number of equal and parallel circular electric circuits arranged upon a common axis, is called a solenoid." -Avery 1895

Solenoid

"Coil some No. 12 copper wire throuh holes in a board, as shown, and pass a strong current through it.…

"Illustrating the effects of introducing an iron core into a solenoid. In the upper firgure, the air space or 'air core' surrounded by the solenoid offers considerable resistance to the passage of magnetic lines, allowing only a small number to pass through. If a pieve of iron be introduced, as in the lower figure, the number of lines will be greatly increased." -Hawkins, 1917

Effect of a metal core in a solenoid

"Illustrating the effects of introducing an iron core into a solenoid. In the upper firgure, the air…

"Mutual action of solenoids. When two solenoids traversed by a current are allows to act on each other...attraction and repulsion will take place just as in the case of two magnets." -Hawkins, 1917

Solenoid, attraction

"Mutual action of solenoids. When two solenoids traversed by a current are allows to act on each other...attraction…

"Place a strip of shet iron in the solenoid, as shown...Hotice that most of the lines of force are gathered into the iron and issue from its ends. Notice that the lines curve outward and tend to return, forming closed loops or complete magnetic circuits. Change the iron from the inside of the solenoid to the outside, and repeat...Notice that the iron again gathers in the lines of force as if it offered an easier path for them." -Avery 1895

Solenoid with Iron Bar

"Place a strip of shet iron in the solenoid, as shown...Hotice that most of the lines of force are gathered…