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An illustration of the young stages of Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Young Stage of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the young stages of Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

An illustration of the young stages of Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Young Stage of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the young stages of Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

An illustration of the first stage of fission in the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Stage One in the Fission of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the first stage of fission in the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also…

An illustration of the second stage of fission in the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Stage Two in the Fission of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the second stage of fission in the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans,…

An illustration of the aboral side view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Aboral Side View of the Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the aboral side view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

An illustration of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris,…

An illustration of the lateral view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living non-parasitic marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence. The bioluminescent characteristic of N. scintillans is produced by a luciferin-luciferase system located in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, or "microsources", located throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. Nonluminescent populations within the genus Noctiluca lack these microsources.

Lateral View of Noctiluca Scintillans

An illustration of the lateral view of the Noctiluca scintillans. Noctiluca scintillans, also published…

The wels catfish is a scaleless fresh and brackish water catfish recognizable by its broad, flat head and wide mouth. The mouth contains lines of numerous small teeth, two long barbels on the upper jaw and four shorter barbels on the lower jaw. It has a long anal fin that extends to the caudal fin, and a small sharp dorsal fin positioned relatively far forward. It uses its sharp pectoral fins to capture prey. With these fins, it creates an eddy to disorient its victim, which it then simply engulfs in its enormous throat. It has very slippery green-brown skin. Its belly is pale yellow or white. Wels catfish can live for at least thirty years and have very good hearing.

Wels Catfish

The wels catfish is a scaleless fresh and brackish water catfish recognizable by its broad, flat head…

An illustration of a female nautilus without the shell. "m, The dorsal "hood" formed by the enlargement of the outer or annular lobe of the forefoot, and corresponding to the sheaths of two tentacles; n. Tentacular sheaths of lateral portion of the annular lobe; u, The left eye; b, The nuchal plate, continuous at its right and left posterior angles with the root of the mid-foot, and corresponding to the nuchal cartilage of Sepia; c, Visceral hump; d, The free margin of the mantle-skirt,...; g.a, Points to the lateral continuation of the nuchal plate b to join the root of the mid foot of siphon." (Britannica, 1910).

Female Nautilus without Shell

An illustration of a female nautilus without the shell. "m, The dorsal "hood" formed by the enlargement…

Edwardsia beautempsi is a species of sea anemone that lives freely in tubes in the sand, unattached.

Sea Anemone

Edwardsia beautempsi is a species of sea anemone that lives freely in tubes in the sand, unattached.

"Suppose we have a pipe A B laid in a horizontal position so that the centre line is exactly at the same level all along the pope, and differences of level may be neglected. Let water be delivered b this pipe at a steady from a reservoir provided with a constant supply which keeps the free surface level always the same. If the pipe A B is of uniform sectional area throughout, and is at all points offers a uniform frictional resistance to the flow of the water, the pressure will gradually become less at points along it more and more distanct from the reservoir. This is no lonfer the case when the pipe is larger at one place than another, as shown in the [figure]." (Britannica, 1891)

Water Flow in Pipes

"Suppose we have a pipe A B laid in a horizontal position so that the centre line is exactly at the…

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining its kind. ... The simplest electroscope consists of pith-balls suspended by silk threads." -Whitney, 1911

Pith-Ball Electroscope

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining…

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining its kind. ... Quadrant electroscope, a form of pith-ball electroscope which serves to measure roughly the degree of electrification by the rise of the pith-ball as indicated by the motion of the rod carrying it on a graduated semicircle." -Whitney, 1911

Quadrant Electroscope

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining…

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining its kind. ... In Volta's condensing electroscope, in place of the gilt knob there is a flat metal plate upon which rests another similar plate, which may be removed by an insulating handle." -Whitney, 1911

Condensing Electroscope

"An instrument for observing or detecting the existence of free electricity, and, in general, for determining…

The Egyptian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida aegyptiaca) is a species of bat in the Molossidae family of free-tailed bats.

Egyptian Free-Tailed Bat

The Egyptian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida aegyptiaca) is a species of bat in the Molossidae family of free-tailed…

Hydrozoa (hydrozoans) are a taxonomic class of very small, predatory animals which can be solitary or colonial and which mostly live in saltwater. A few genera within this class live in freshwater. Hydrozoans are related to jellyfish and corals and belong to the phylum Cnidaria.

Hydrozoa Encrusting a Small Shell

Hydrozoa (hydrozoans) are a taxonomic class of very small, predatory animals which can be solitary or…

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate order Hydroida (class Hydrozoa, phylum Cnidaria). Hydroids have three basic life-cycle stages: (1) a tiny free-swimming planula larva about 1 mm (0.04 inch) long, which settles and grows into (2) a sessile (attached), usually colonial hydroid stage, which in turn liberates (3) medusa.

Medusa of a Hydroid

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate…

"A pelagic family of radioflagellate infusorians, typified by the genus Euchitonia. The animalcules are free-floating." -Whitney, 1911

Euchitonia

"A pelagic family of radioflagellate infusorians, typified by the genus Euchitonia. The animalcules…

"A pipe of this nature fitted with a piece of glass so as to exhibit the reed (which is a "free reed") is shown in [the illustration]. Q is the wind-chest of the bellows, into which P is fitted. In the right-hand figure the upper part of the pope is removed, so as to show the reed more clearly. A plate of metal c c, has a slit but in it, in which the tongue I may just past. By means of a curved wire, r, projecting above the top of the pipe, and the play of the tongue may be controlled and the pipe tuned. The conical pipe, H, placed at the top, serves to increase the power of the sound". -Benson, 1891

Reed

"A pipe of this nature fitted with a piece of glass so as to exhibit the reed (which is a "free reed")…

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of bivalve mollusks, most of which live in marine habitats or brackish water. The shell consists of two usually highly calcified valves which surround a soft body. Gills filter plankton from the water, and strong adductor muscles are used to hold the shell closed.

Oyster Shell

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of…

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of bivalve mollusks, most of which live in marine habitats or brackish water. The shell consists of two usually highly calcified valves which surround a soft body. Gills filter plankton from the water, and strong adductor muscles are used to hold the shell closed.

Oyster Shell

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of…

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of bivalve mollusks, most of which live in marine habitats or brackish water. The shell consists of two usually highly calcified valves which surround a soft body. Gills filter plankton from the water, and strong adductor muscles are used to hold the shell closed.

Oyster Shell

An illustration of a oyster shell. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of…

An illustration of a prisoner drilling a hole in the wall of his prison cell.

Prisoner Drilling Hole

An illustration of a prisoner drilling a hole in the wall of his prison cell.

Strasburg, originally known as Strateburguen in the sixth century, on the first partition of the Frankish territory this ancient city was included in the kingdom of Austria; on the second partition in Lorraine, In the tenth century it belonged to the German emperors, and subsequently became a free city of the empire, until 1681, when it was finally annexed to France.

Ancient Houses in Strasburg

Strasburg, originally known as Strateburguen in the sixth century, on the first partition of the Frankish…

Archaeological artifacts show that Simonswald was home to farmers as early as 6000 to 3000 BC. Roman settlements date back to 5th century AC, near St. Peter's Barn. Establishing settlements in Simonswald occurred first in the New Stone Age, then was left deserted for 3 thousand years (some suggest cold climate as reason) and re-discovered in the 11th century. Official record first mention dates back to 5. August 1178 when Pope Alexander III confirmed "Sigmanswald" as property of Monastery St Margarethen, Waldkirch; until the 16th century Simonswald was called Sigmanswald.

Simonswald

Archaeological artifacts show that Simonswald was home to farmers as early as 6000 to 3000 BC. Roman…

The chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) is a goat-like animal, living at moderately high altitudes and are adapted to living in steep, rugged, rocky terrain. A fully grown chamois reaches a height of about 2½ feet and weighs about 110 pounds. Males and females have short horns which are slightly curled in the posterior direction. In summer, the fur has a rich brown colour which turns to a light grey in winter. Distinct characteristics are a white face with pronounced black infraorbital stripes, a white rump and a black dorsal stripe. Chamois can reach an age of up to 20 years. Female chamois and their young live in herds; adult males tend to live solitarily for most of the year. During the rut (late November/early December in Europe, May in New Zealand), males engage in fierce battles for the attention of unbred females. An impregnated female undergoes a gestation period of 20 weeks, after which a single kid is born. The kid is fully grown by three years of age.

Chamois

The chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) is a goat-like animal, living at moderately high altitudes and are…

The Wiener Prater is a large public park in Vienna's 2nd district Leopoldstadt. Prater is derived from the Latin word pratum meaning meadow, possibly via Spanish prado. In 1162, the Emperor Friedrich I gave the land to a noble family called de Prato. The land changed hands frequently until it was bought by Emperor Maximilian II in 1560 to be a hunting ground. To deal with the problem of poachers, Emperor Rudolf II forbade entry to the Prater. On April 7 1766, Emperor Joseph II declared the Prater to be free for public enjoyment, and allowed the establishment of coffee-houses and cafés, which led to the beginnings of the Wurstelprater.

The Prater

The Wiener Prater is a large public park in Vienna's 2nd district Leopoldstadt. Prater is derived from…

"And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands." Acts 12:7

Peter Delivered from Prison by an Angel

"And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Back Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Back Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Back Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Mixed Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Mixed Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Mixed Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Front Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Front Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Front Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Normal Aperture Front Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Normal Aperture Front Primary Wide Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Normal Aperture Front Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Round Back Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Round Back Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Round Back Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Round Back Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Round Back Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Back Vowels have the palm in the posterior position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Round Back Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Round Mixed Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Round Mixed Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Round Mixed Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." High Vowels have the third finger accented

Round Mixed Wide High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Round Mixed Wide Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Mixed Vowels have the palm thrown forward so as to assume a compromising position. Wide Vowel positions differ from analogous Primary Vowel positions by having straightened unaccented fingers, to denote "Wide." Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Round Mixed Wide Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Round Vowels differ visibly from normal aperture Vowels by having a contraction of the Lip aperture. This is shown by bringing the terminal phalanges of the thumb and the accented finger together so as to form an outline which is approximately round. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. High Vowels have the third finger accented

Round Front Primary High Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Mid Vowels have the center finger accented.

Round Front Primary Mid Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation. &hellip; in representing vowels the hand suggests a wide and firm channel, by having the accented finger bent and its terminal phalanx brought firmly in contact with the terminal phalanx of the thumb. <p> Vowel positions are distinguished by always having the voice phalanx of the thumb accented and in contact with the terminal phalanx of the accented finger. This kind of accent is the strongest which can be given a finger, and so always takes precedence. Two modes of accentuation may not co-exist. Front Vowels have the palm in the anterior position. In Primary Vowel positions the accented voice phalanx of the thumb and the terminal phalanx of the accented finger overlap. None of the unaccented fingers are straightened. Low Vowels have the first or index finger accented.

Round Front Primary Low Vowel

Vowels have a wide, firm, and free channel, whereby the breath is modified without friction or sibilation.…