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Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven); alternate; edge of leaflet sharp-toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base, pointed or blunted. Leaf/Stem - rather slender, somewhat downy, and often flattened and winged. Leaf/buds - small, slightly rounded or (at the ends of the branchlets) pointed, and yellow. Leaflet/Stems - lacking, except the short stem of the end leaflet. Leaflets - four to six inches long, the upper one usually short; smooth on both sides, or with a slight, scattered down below. Bark - rather smooth. Fruit - rounded or slightly egg-shaped, dark green. Husk - very thin and fleshy, never becoming entirely hard, with prominent winged edges at the seams, only two of which reach more than half-way to the base. It divides half-way down when ripe. Nut - barely one inch long, heart-shaped at the top, broader than long, white and smooth. Shell - so thin that it can be broken with the fingers. Kernel - intensely bitter. Found - usually in wet grounds, though often also on rich uplands, from Southern Maine westward and southward. It reaches its finest growth in Pennsylvania and Ohio. General information - A rather smaller and less valuable tree than the rest of the hickories.

Genus Hicoria, Raf., Carya, Nutt. (Hickory)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven); alternate; edge of leaflet sharp-toothed.…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); opposite; edge of leaflets slightly toothed or entire; entire at base. Outline - of leaflet, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - somewhat pointed. Leaf/Stem - smooth. Leaflet/Stem - about one fourth of an inch long, or more; smooth. Leaf/Bud - rusty-colored and smooth. Leaflet - two to six inches long; pale beneath; downy when young, but becoming nearly smooth, except on the ribs. Bark - of the trunk, light gray. In very young trees it is nearly smooth, but it soon becomes deeply furrowed - the furrows crossing each other, and so breaking the bark into irregular, somewhat square or lozenge-shaped plates. Then in very old trees it becomes smooth again, from the scaling off of the plates. The branches are smooth and grayish-green. The young shoots have a polished, deep-green bark, marked with white lines or dots. Winged seeds - one and a half to two inches long, with the "wing" about one fourth of an inch wide, hanging in loose clusters from slender stems. The base of the seed it pointed and not winged. Found - in rich woods, from Southern Canada to Northern Florida and westward. It is most common in the Northern States. The finest specimens are seen in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio River basin. General Information - a tree forty to eighty feet high. Often the trunk rises forty feet without branching. Its tough and elastic timer is of very great value, being widely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, for oars, and the shafts of carriages, and in cabinet-work. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); opposite; edge of leaflets slightly toothed…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); edge of leaflets nearly entire or slightly toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long oval or egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - somewhat pointed. Leaf/Stem - velvety-downy. Leaflet/Stem - about one fourth of an inch long, or somewhat less, and velvety-downy. Leaf/Bud - rounded, nearly concealed by the leaf-stem, downy, and of a dark, rusty brown. Leaflet - two to six inches long, downy beneath, and pale, becoming reddish. Bark - of the trunk, dark ashy or granite-gray, or of a deep brown. It is slightly furrowed up and does, the furrows seldom joining or crossing. The branches are grayish. The young shoots are velvety, with a grayish or rusty down. Winged seeds - resembling those of the White Ash, but usually with the end of the wing more rounded. Found - along borders of streams and in low and swampy ground - New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to Northern Florida and Alabama; but rare west of the Alleghany Mountains. Its finest growth is in the Northern Atlantic States. General Information - A medium-sized tree, usually thirty to fifty feet high, of less value than the White Ash. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); edge of leaflets nearly entire or slightly…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet toothed. Outline - of leaflet, narrow, long oval or long egg-shaped Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - lacking. Leaf/Bud - deep blue or blackish. Leaflet - three to five inches long, smooth and green on both sides, excepting where it is slightly hairy along the lower part of the middle rib. When crushed it has an Elder-like odor. Bark - of trunk, dark granite-gray, somewhat furrowed and broken up and down with roughness, which continue in the old tree. The young branches are smooth and grayish and marked with black and white dots and warts. Winged seeds - nearly one and one half inches long, with the wing three eighths of an inch wide and extending around the seed. Ripe in July. Found - along low river-banks and in swamps, which it sometimes fills; in Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, Northwestern Arkansas, through the Northern States to Canada. It is the most Northern of the American Ashes. General Information - Usually a small or medium-sized tree. The wood is largely used for barrel-hoops, baskets, in cabinet-work, and interior finish. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet…

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, five); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, oval or long oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - pointed. Leaflets - three to seven inches long; one and a half to three inches wide. Bark - with a disagreeable odor. Flowers - small, yellowish-white. June. Fruit - about three fourths of an inch in diameter. Husk - prickly when young. Nut - smooth. Found - along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains - Pennsylvania to Northern Alabama and westward. General Information - A small, ill-scented tree (eighteen to thirty-five feet high). Its wood is light and hard to split. With the other species of the same genus it is preferred, above any other American wood, for the making of artificial limbs.

Genus Aesculus, L. (Buckeye, Horse Chestnut)

Leaves - compound (hand-shaped; leaflets, five); opposite; edge toothed. Outline - of leaflet, oval…

Red and white blood corpuscles (cells).

Red and White Blood Cells

Red and white blood corpuscles (cells).

The various types of oak leaves: "a. Bur oak, b. Live oak, c. Willow oak, d. White oak." -Foster, 1921

Oak Leaves

The various types of oak leaves: "a. Bur oak, b. Live oak, c. Willow oak, d. White oak." -Foster, 1921

An upright section of one of the papillae of the tongue very greatly magnified, and split open, to show the nerves (engraved white) and the blood-vessels (black).

Tongue Papillae Section

An upright section of one of the papillae of the tongue very greatly magnified, and split open, to show…

The White Elephant is military decoration of Europe.

The White Elephant

The White Elephant is military decoration of Europe.

A leaf from the white or gray birch.

White or Gray Birch Leaf

A leaf from the white or gray birch.

The leaf of a white oak tree.

White Oak Leaf

The leaf of a white oak tree.

The leaf of a white oak tree.

White Oak Leaf

The leaf of a white oak tree.

"Section of a Hen's Egg before Incubation. a, yolk, showing concentric layers; a', its semi-fluid center; b, inner dense part of the albumen; b', outer thinner part; c, twisted cords of albumen; h, the white spot, or germ cell." -Cooper, 1887

Egg Parts

"Section of a Hen's Egg before Incubation. a, yolk, showing concentric layers; a', its semi-fluid center;…

Third and final developmental stage of stone cells: "3, The walls are completed. The primary wall is black, cellulose additions white, and the lignified walls in 3 are stippled. Notice that the protoplasts have disappeared in 3, and the pits in some instances are branched." -Stevens, 1916

Stone Cells 3

Third and final developmental stage of stone cells: "3, The walls are completed. The primary wall is…

"Diagram showing some types of unusual growth in thickness...B, cross section of stem of species of Bauhinia; the xylem strands, b, are stippled while the surrounding parenchyma and bark tissues are left white." -Stevens, 1916

Bauhinia Unusual Stem Growth

"Diagram showing some types of unusual growth in thickness...B, cross section of stem of species of…

"Diagram showing some types of unusual growth in thickness...C, portion of a cross section of stem of Gnetum scandens; 1, 2, and 3 are successive rings of growth; m, is the pith; b, is a sclerenchyma ring. The xylem portions with the exception of the larger tracheal tubes are shaded, while the medullary rays, phloem and tissues intervening between the rings of growth and the outer cortes tissues are left white." -Stevens, 1916

G. Scandens Unusual Stem Growth

"Diagram showing some types of unusual growth in thickness...C, portion of a cross section of stem of…

"Microscopic Structure of white Statuary marble." -Geikie, 1893

Marble

"Microscopic Structure of white Statuary marble." -Geikie, 1893

The black-and-white creeping warbler

Black-and-White Creeping Warbler

The black-and-white creeping warbler

Pieris rapae, or Small White butterfly.

P. Rapae Butterfly

Pieris rapae, or Small White butterfly.

Some species of the lily family (Liliaceae): top, nodding trillium (Trillium cernuum); left, erect flower of Trillium recurvatum; right, dwarf white trillium (Trillium nivale).

Trillium Lilies

Some species of the lily family (Liliaceae): top, nodding trillium (Trillium cernuum); left, erect flower…

Of the lily family (Liliaceae), Veratrum viride.

V. Viride

Of the lily family (Liliaceae), Veratrum viride.

Two species of the lily family (Liliaceae): right, yellow adder's tongue (Erythronium Americanum); left, white adder's tongue (Erythronium albidum).

E. Americanum and E. Albidum

Two species of the lily family (Liliaceae): right, yellow adder's tongue (Erythronium Americanum); left,…

Of the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae): left, thimble-weed (Anemone Virginiana); right, large white-flowered anemone (Anemone riparia).

Thimble-Weed and Large White-Flowered Anemone

Of the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae): left, thimble-weed (Anemone Virginiana); right, large white-flowered…

Of the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae), the flower of the white baneberry or Actaea alba.

White Baneberry

Of the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae), the flower of the white baneberry or Actaea alba.

Of the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae): large image: the red baneberry or Actaea rubra; bottom right: fruit of the white baneberry or Actaea alba.

Red Baneberry

Of the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae): large image: the red baneberry or Actaea rubra; bottom right:…

Of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), the white margined spurge or Snow on the Mountain (Euphorbia marginata).

White Margined Spurge

Of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), the white margined spurge or Snow on the Mountain (Euphorbia marginata).

Of the violet family (Violaceae): left, sweet white violet (Viola blanda); right, lance-leaved violet (Viola lanceolata).

Sweet White Violet and Lance-Leaved Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae): left, sweet white violet (Viola blanda); right, lance-leaved violet…

"Diagrammatic section of spinal cord. p.f., Posterior fissure; p.c., posterior column of white matter; d.p.s., dorsal, posterior, sensory or afferent root; g., ganglion; v.a.m., ventral, anterior, motor or efferent root; c.n., compound spinal nerve with branches; s.g., sympathetic ganglion; a.c., anterior column--the anterior fissure is exaggerated; g.c., ganglion cells; g.m., grey matter; w.m., white matter." -Thomson, 1916

Vertebrate Spinal Cord

"Diagrammatic section of spinal cord. p.f., Posterior fissure; p.c., posterior column of white matter;…

A portion of fibrin, showing its fibrous structure and netlike arrangement of its fibers. In a short time after the blood is taken from the body it separates into two portions, by a process called coagulation or clot; the white substance which forms the upper part of the clot is called fibrin, and the red mass under it, the red particles. The fibrin is the material from which all solids of the body are formed.

Blood Clotting Fibers

A portion of fibrin, showing its fibrous structure and netlike arrangement of its fibers. In a short…

"Diagram of a cross-section of the spinal cord through the roots of spinal nerves. c, central canal; d.f., dorsal fissure; d.r., dorsal root of spinal nerve arising from the dorsal horn of the gray matter (g); gn., ganglion on the dorsal root; n, spinal nerve; v.f., ventral fissure; v.r., ventral root of the spinal nerve, arising from the ventral horn of the gray matter; w., white matter." -Galloway, 1915

Spinal Cord

"Diagram of a cross-section of the spinal cord through the roots of spinal nerves. c, central canal;…

The snakehead or Chelone glabra is an herbaceous plant used for medicinal purposes.

Snakehead

The snakehead or Chelone glabra is an herbaceous plant used for medicinal purposes.

The butterfly weed or Asclepias tuberosa is a milkweed plant used for medicinal purposes.

Butterfly Weed

The butterfly weed or Asclepias tuberosa is a milkweed plant used for medicinal purposes.

The caterpillar and chrysalis stages of Pieris rapae, or Small White.

Small White Caterpillar

The caterpillar and chrysalis stages of Pieris rapae, or Small White.

The butterfly of Pieris rapae, or Small White.

Small White Butterfly

The butterfly of Pieris rapae, or Small White.

Of the Heath family (Ericaceae), the white swamp honeysuckle (Rhododendron viscosum).

White Swamp Honeysuckle

Of the Heath family (Ericaceae), the white swamp honeysuckle (Rhododendron viscosum).

Of the Vervain family (Verbenaceae), the white vervain (Verbena urticaefolia).

White Vervain

Of the Vervain family (Verbenaceae), the white vervain (Verbena urticaefolia).

Of the Composite family (Compositae): left, white snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium); right, boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum).

White Snakeroot and Boneset

Of the Composite family (Compositae): left, white snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium); right, boneset…

Of the bead lily family (Clintonia), the white clintonia (Clintonia umbellulata).

White Clintonia

Of the bead lily family (Clintonia), the white clintonia (Clintonia umbellulata).

Of the dayflower family (Commelina), the slender dayflower (Commelina erecta).

Slender Dayflower

Of the dayflower family (Commelina), the slender dayflower (Commelina erecta).

Of the composite family (Compositae), the small white aster (Aster vimineus).

Small White Aster

Of the composite family (Compositae), the small white aster (Aster vimineus).

"White whelk (Buccinum undatum)." -Taylor, 1904

White Whelk

"White whelk (Buccinum undatum)." -Taylor, 1904

"Lengthwise section of grain of corn. y, yellow, oily part of endosperm; w, white, starchy part of endosperm; p, plumule; s, the shield (cotyledon), in contact with the endosperm for absorption of food from it; r, the primary root." -Bergen, 1896

Corn Grain

"Lengthwise section of grain of corn. y, yellow, oily part of endosperm; w, white, starchy part of endosperm;…

"White water-lily. The inner petals and the stamens growing from the ovary." -Bergen, 1896

White Waterlily

"White water-lily. The inner petals and the stamens growing from the ovary." -Bergen, 1896

"Transition from petals to stamens in white water-lily. E, F, G, H, various steps between petal and stamen." -Bergen, 1896

Petals to Stamens

"Transition from petals to stamens in white water-lily. E, F, G, H, various steps between petal and…

Muscles on the front of the arm. Note the white cords, the tendons at the wrist.

Muscles of the Arm

Muscles on the front of the arm. Note the white cords, the tendons at the wrist.

A transverse section of the neck. The separate muscles as they are arranged in layers, with their investing fascia. The figures in white space represent fascia (sheath); other figures are muscles. Labels: 12, trachea; 13, esophagus, 14, carotid artery and jugular vein; 28, one of the bones of the spinal column.

The Transverse Section of the Neck

A transverse section of the neck. The separate muscles as they are arranged in layers, with their investing…

By pricking the end of the finger with a needle, we can obtain a drop of blood for examination. Place it on the slide, cover with a glass, and put it under a microscope. The red disks will be seen to group themselves in rows, while the white disk will seem to draw apart, and to be constantly changing their form. After gradual evaporation, the crystals may be seen.

Blood Crystals

By pricking the end of the finger with a needle, we can obtain a drop of blood for examination. Place…

A spinal nerve. Labels: P, posterior root of a spinal nerve; G, ganglion; A, anterior root; S, spinal nerve. The white portion of the figure represents the white fibers; and the dark, the gray.

Spinal Nerve

A spinal nerve. Labels: P, posterior root of a spinal nerve; G, ganglion; A, anterior root; S, spinal…

Fibrous tissue of cornea, showing bundles of fibers with a few scattered fusiform cells (A) lying in the interfascicular spaces.

Fibrous tissue of Cornea

Fibrous tissue of cornea, showing bundles of fibers with a few scattered fusiform cells (A) lying in…

Mature white fibrous tissue of tendon, consisting mainly of fibers with a few scattered fusiform cells.

White Fibrous Tissue of the Tendon

Mature white fibrous tissue of tendon, consisting mainly of fibers with a few scattered fusiform cells.

The branched character of the cells is seen. Shown is a transverse section from a cross section of the tail of a rabbit, showing sheath, fibrous septa, and branched connective tissue corpuscles. The spaces left white in the drawing represent the tendinous fibers in transverse section.

Branched Tendon Cells

The branched character of the cells is seen. Shown is a transverse section from a cross section of the…

White fibrocartilage is composed of both cells and a matrix, but is almost exclusively composed of fibers resembling those of white fibrous tissue.

White Fibrocartilage

White fibrocartilage is composed of both cells and a matrix, but is almost exclusively composed of fibers…

White fibrocartilage from an intervertebral ligament.

White Fibrocartilage

White fibrocartilage from an intervertebral ligament.

Gray, pale, or gelatinous nerve fibers. A. From a branch of olfactory nerve of the sheep: two dark bordered or white fibers from the fifth pair are associated with the pale olfactory fibers. B. From the sympathetic nerve.

Gelatinous Nerve Fibers

Gray, pale, or gelatinous nerve fibers. A. From a branch of olfactory nerve of the sheep: two dark bordered…

Several fibers of a bundle of medullated nerve fibers acted upon by silver nitrate to show peculiar behavior of nodes of Ranvier, N, towards this reagent. The silver has penetrated at the nodes, and has stained the axis cylinder, M, for a short distance. S, the white substance.

Behavior of the Nodes of Ranvier

Several fibers of a bundle of medullated nerve fibers acted upon by silver nitrate to show peculiar…

The illustration exhibits the typical characters of the red blood cells in the main divisions of Vertbrata. The fractions are those of an inch, and represent the average diameter. In the case of the oval cells, only the long diameter is here given. It is remarkable, that although the size of the red blood cells varies so much in the different classes of the vertebrate kingdom, that of the white corpuscles remains comparatively uniform, and thus are, in some animals, much greater, in others much less than the red corpuscles existing side by side with them.

Red Blood Cells in Vertebrata

The illustration exhibits the typical characters of the red blood cells in the main divisions of Vertbrata.…

Macrophages containing bacilli and other structures supposed to be undergoing digestion.

Macrophages

Macrophages containing bacilli and other structures supposed to be undergoing digestion.

Section of gray matter of anterior cornu of a calf's spinal cord; a, nerve fibers of white matter in transverse section, showing axis cylinder in the center of each; r, large stellate nerve cells with nuclei and three prolongations.

Gray Matter of Spinal Cord

Section of gray matter of anterior cornu of a calf's spinal cord; a, nerve fibers of white matter in…

Section of a spinal cord, one half of which shows the tracts of the white matter, and the other half (right) shows the position of the nerve cells in the gray matter. 7, 10, 9, and 3 are tracts of descending degeneration, 1, 4, 6, and 8, of the ascending degeneration.

Section of the Spinal Cord

Section of a spinal cord, one half of which shows the tracts of the white matter, and the other half…

The cerebellum in section and fourth ventricle, with the neighboring parts. Labels: 1, median groove of fourth ventricle, ending below in the calamus scriptorius, with the longitudinal eminence formed by the fasciculi teretes, one on each side; 2, the same groove, at the place where the white streaks of th auditory nerve emerge from it to cross the floor of the ventricle; 3, in inferior crus or peduncle of the cerebellum, formed by the restiform body; 4, posterior pyramid; above this is the calamus scriptorius; 5, superior crus of cerebellum, or processus e cerebello ad cerebrum( or ad testes); 6, fillet to the side of the crura cerebri; 7, lateral grooves of the crura cerebri; 8, corpora quadrigemina.

The Cerebrum and Fourth Ventricle of the Brain

The cerebellum in section and fourth ventricle, with the neighboring parts. Labels: 1, median groove…