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A banner showing ancient Greek battles.

War Banner

A banner showing ancient Greek battles.

An ancient tool used to comb hair.

Wooden Comb

An ancient tool used to comb hair.

A key used by the ancient Romans for a dwelling or a chest.

Roman Key

A key used by the ancient Romans for a dwelling or a chest.

Armor used by the ancient Greeks in battle.

Grecian Armor

Armor used by the ancient Greeks in battle.

Armor used by the ancient Romans in battle.

Roman Armor

Armor used by the ancient Romans in battle.

A lamp used by the ancient Romans for light.

Roman Lamp

A lamp used by the ancient Romans for light.

A sculpture constructed by an ancient Greek artist.

Grecian Sculpture

A sculpture constructed by an ancient Greek artist.

A sculpture constructed by an ancient Egyptian artist.

Egyptian Sculpture

A sculpture constructed by an ancient Egyptian artist.

An ancient tomb constructed by the Greeks.

Grecian Tomb

An ancient tomb constructed by the Greeks.

A coin used as currency by the ancient Greeks.

Grecian Coin

A coin used as currency by the ancient Greeks.

An ancient monument in honor of a Greek soldier

Grecian Monument

An ancient monument in honor of a Greek soldier

The Parthenon is the best-known surviving building of Ancient Greece and is regarded as one of the world's greatest cultural monuments.

Parthenon

The Parthenon is the best-known surviving building of Ancient Greece and is regarded as one of the world's…

An ancient Greek statue and one of the most famous pieces of ancient Greek sculpture.

Venus de Milo

An ancient Greek statue and one of the most famous pieces of ancient Greek sculpture.

One of the three orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture.

Doric Order

One of the three orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture.

An illustration of an Egyptian royal boat from a sculptured tomb.

Egyptian Royal Boat

An illustration of an Egyptian royal boat from a sculptured tomb.

An illustration of a Roman galley from the Roman empire.

Roman Galley

An illustration of a Roman galley from the Roman empire.

An ancient printing office, with one of the first forms of the printing press.

Ancient Printing

An ancient printing office, with one of the first forms of the printing press.

A covering for the feet, consisting of soles so attached as to leave the upper part of the feet bare. They formed almost the only foot covering of the ancient world.

Sandals

A covering for the feet, consisting of soles so attached as to leave the upper part of the feet bare.…

The principal city of Baeotia, in ancient Greece, was situated in the south part of the country, onm the slopes of Mt. Teumessus, and between two streams, the Dirce and the Ismenus.

Thebes

The principal city of Baeotia, in ancient Greece, was situated in the south part of the country, onm…

Claudius Ptolemaeus, known as Ptolemy, was an ancient geographer, astrologer, and astronomer.

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)

Claudius Ptolemaeus, known as Ptolemy, was an ancient geographer, astrologer, and astronomer.

Claudius Ptolemaeus, known as Ptolemy, was an ancient geographer, astrologer, and astronomer.

Ptolemy Holding a Document

Claudius Ptolemaeus, known as Ptolemy, was an ancient geographer, astrologer, and astronomer.

Ancient works on the Muskingum in Ohio.

Muskingum

Ancient works on the Muskingum in Ohio.

Stone image of the feathered-serpent deity of ancient Mesoamerica, a god of Mexican and Central America.

Quetzalcoatl

Stone image of the feathered-serpent deity of ancient Mesoamerica, a god of Mexican and Central America.

Ancient temple, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Teocalli

Ancient temple, Oaxaca, Mexico.

"The most illustrious of Babylonian kings, was the son of Nabopolassar, the general of the Babylonian garrison at the time the Assyrian empire fell to pieces after the death of Assur-bani-pal. The Babylonians then thre off the hated yoke of Assyria, and Nebopolassar was proclaimed king of Babylonia, in 625 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar succeeded him in 604, reigning 43 years, and was one of the greatest sovereigns who ever rules the ancient empire." — Beach, 1900

Nebuchadnezzar

"The most illustrious of Babylonian kings, was the son of Nabopolassar, the general of the Babylonian…

Minerva, with Aegis. From an ancient statue.

Minerva

Minerva, with Aegis. From an ancient statue.

The god of the underworld in ancient Egyptian mythology.

Anubis

The god of the underworld in ancient Egyptian mythology.

The god of the moon in ancient Egyptian mythology.

Thoth

The god of the moon in ancient Egyptian mythology.

A sacred instrument in ancient Egypt used in dances and religious ceremonies.

Sistrum

A sacred instrument in ancient Egypt used in dances and religious ceremonies.

"A style of classical ornament, so called, in the 13th century from its having been rediscovered in the excavations made in the baths of Titus and other ancient Roman buildings, the Italian word grotto applying to any subterranean chamber. This light, fantastic style was much in favor during the Renaissance. It abounds in all kinds of transformations, from the animal to the vegetable, and mingles all the natural kingdoms in the most fanciful and picturesque confusion." — Chambers, 1881

Grotesque

"A style of classical ornament, so called, in the 13th century from its having been rediscovered in…

The gate at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town famous for being preserved along with Pompeii.

Gate at Herculaneum

The gate at Herculaneum. Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town famous for being preserved along with…

"In the reign of Philip of Macedon, the coinage of Greece had attained its full development, having a perfect reverse. One of the earliest specimens of the complete coin is a beautiful medal struck at Syracuse, with the head of Proserpine accompanied by dolphins, and for reverse a victor in the Olympic games in a chariot receiving a wreath from Victory-a type which is also found on the reverse of the staters of Philip of Macedon, known as Philips, and largely imitated by other states." — Chambers, 1881

Greek Coin

"In the reign of Philip of Macedon, the coinage of Greece had attained its full development, having…

A man collecting his harvest using an ancient reaping-machine.

Ancient Reaping-machine

A man collecting his harvest using an ancient reaping-machine.

"Hussey's Reaping-machine (cutting part)." — Chambers, 1881

Reaping-machine

"Hussey's Reaping-machine (cutting part)." — Chambers, 1881

"An Ancient Egyptian Wine-press. The process of treading, which seems to have prevailed from the earliest ages. The treaders are being assisted by ropes fixed to the roof of the press." — Chambers, 1881

Wine-press

"An Ancient Egyptian Wine-press. The process of treading, which seems to have prevailed from the earliest…

The Hebrew Alphabet.

Hebrew Alphabet

The Hebrew Alphabet.

An ancient southern constellation, the Southern Fish.

Piscis Austrinus

An ancient southern constellation, the Southern Fish.

"Among the figures painted in the very ancient tomb at Beni Hassan, in Egypt, occurs a group of figures from which the annexed woodcut has been drawn, conjectured to represent the arrival of Joseph's brethren when they went to purchase corn in the land of the Pharaohs." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Beni Hassan

"Among the figures painted in the very ancient tomb at Beni Hassan, in Egypt, occurs a group of figures…

"Ancient Persian Bag-pipes" — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

Ancient Persian Bagpipe

"Ancient Persian Bag-pipes" — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1910

"Ancient Hebrew Zither." — Cooke, 1910

Zither

"Ancient Hebrew Zither." — Cooke, 1910

"Acropolis, 'the highest point of the city.' Many of the important cities of Greece and Asia Minor were protected by strongholds, so named. The A. occupied a lofty position, commanding the city and its environs; inaccessible on all sides except one, which had, for the most part, artificial defences. It contained some of the most important public buildings, especially temples, besides affording a last refuge in case of a hostile attack." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Acropolis

"Acropolis, 'the highest point of the city.' Many of the important cities of Greece and Asia Minor were…

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets of water almost effortless.

Shadoof

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets…

"An ancient English gold coin, varying in value. It was so called from the figure of the archangel Michael piercing the gradon upon its obverse. angels continued to be coined down to the time of the Commonwealth." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Angel

"An ancient English gold coin, varying in value. It was so called from the figure of the archangel Michael…

"The bull worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, who regarded it as a symbol of Osiris, the god of the Nile, the husband of Isis, and the great divinity of Egypt. A sacred court or yard was set apart for the residence of Apis in the temple of Ptah at Memphis, where a numerous retinue of priests waited upon him, and sacrifices of red oxen were offered to him." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Apis

"The bull worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, who regarded it as a symbol of Osiris, the god of the…

"A venomous serpent, the name of which has come down from ancient times; the vague descriptions of ancient authors, however, causing uncertainty as to the species. It is very generally supposed to be the Naja Haje, the El Haje or Haje Nasher of the Arabs, which is very common in Egypt and Cyprus, and often appears in hieroglyphic and other sculptures as one of the sacred animals of ancient Egypt." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Asp

"A venomous serpent, the name of which has come down from ancient times; the vague descriptions of ancient…

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited in the annexed wood-cut, after an early Christian painting on the walls of catacombs at Rmb. It was originally of linen, but it is now generally made of the same heavy silk as the Planeta, worn by the priest." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dalmatic

"The deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic Church. the most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited…

"Armillary Sphere, an instrument used in astronomy. In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed in the plane of the equator, the armilla is one of the most ancient of astronomical instruments. Slightly developed, it was crossed by another ring fixed in the plane of the meridian." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Armilla

"Armillary Sphere, an instrument used in astronomy. In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed…

"Ancient Greek Double Pipes. Elgin Collection, British Museum." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Double Pipes

"Ancient Greek Double Pipes. Elgin Collection, British Museum." — The Encyclopedia Britannica,…

"Ancient Persian bag-pipe." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Bag-Pipe

"Ancient Persian bag-pipe." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"A small coin of ancient Greece, in later times of silver, the sixth part of an Attic drachma, equal to 2.5 cents; multiples and sub-multiples of this coin were also used, and pieces of the value of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5 oboli, and 1/2, 1/3, 11/4th of an obolus respectively are to be found in collections." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Obolus

"A small coin of ancient Greece, in later times of silver, the sixth part of an Attic drachma, equal…

"Probably no other insect has been the subject of so many and widespread legends and superstitions as the common "praying mantis," Mantis religiosa. The ancient Greeks endowed it with supernatural powers; the Turks and Arabs hold that it prays constantly with its face turned towards the mecca; the Provencals call it Prega-Diou; and numerous more or less similar names —preacher, saint, nun, medicant, soothsayer, etc., widely diffused throughout southern Europe. Children ask it to show them the way, and Mouffet assures us that it rarely or never deceives them; and it is even recorded that one specimen, which aligted on the hand of St. Francis Xavier, and which he commanded to sing the praise of God, loudly intoned a very beautiful canticle." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Praying Mantis

"Probably no other insect has been the subject of so many and widespread legends and superstitions as…

Egyptian wall-painting of the Ancient Empire in the Bulak Museum.

Egyptian Wall Painting

Egyptian wall-painting of the Ancient Empire in the Bulak Museum.

A brass instrument used in the ancient Roman army

Buccina

A brass instrument used in the ancient Roman army

An Athenian youth, studying

School

An Athenian youth, studying

Flax is a member of the genus <em>Linum</em> in the family <em>Linaceae</em>. It is probably native to India, though its precise native range is unknown due to extensive ancient cultivation in southwest Asia and southeastern Europe.

Pod of Flax

Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is probably native…

This portrait is of the great artist, Tintoretto. He was a Greek painter who included external imagry and scenes of nature in his work.

Tintoretto

This portrait is of the great artist, Tintoretto. He was a Greek painter who included external imagry…

This painting by Claude Gelle Le Lorrain happens to be one of the oldest etchings in oil. This painting is also know as 'The Ancient Port of Messina'.

Seaport

This painting by Claude Gelle Le Lorrain happens to be one of the oldest etchings in oil. This painting…

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc until 1775. He made, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de-France, the governor of which was one of his relations, and entered into the garrison of Pondicherry. On his return, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and dissipated his fortune. The Revolution broke out. He immediately showed himself an opponent of the Court, and had a seat in the <em>tiers-etat</em>, while his brother was sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took part in the attack upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member of the National Convention, and voted for the unconditional death of Louis XVI. He was sent, in 1793, to the South of France, and commanded the left wing of the besieging army under Dugommier, and it was here that he first met Napoleon Bonaparte, then captain of artillery. The patriotic reputation of Barras was so well established that he abd Freron were the only representatives not denounced by the popular societies. Robespierre, however, was friend of his, and often wished to arrest him. Barras, knowing this, became one of the principle actors of the 9th Thermidor, and put himself at the head of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Hotel de Ville. In 1794 he was named one of the Committee of Public Safety, and became a great enemy to the members of the members of the "Mountain." In February, 1795, he was elected President of the Convention, and, in that capacity, declared Paris in a state of siege, when the Assembly was attacked by the populace. Afterward, when the Convention was assailed, Bonaparte, by Barras' advice, was appointed to command the artillery; and that general, on the 13th Vendemaire, decisively repressed the royalist movement. For his services, Barras was now named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part in the changes which that body unerwent until Napoleon's <em>coup d'etat</em> on the 18th Brumaire, which effectually overthrew the power of Barrras and his colleagues. His life, from this date, was, generally speaking, one of retirement. He died in Paris, Jan. 29, 1829. His "Memoirs" appeared in 1895.

Comte de Barras

A French Jacobin, born in Province, in 1755, of an ancient family; served as second lieutenant in the…

Interior of bath in ancient Rome.

Bath

Interior of bath in ancient Rome.

Bias, one of the seven sages of Greece; a native of Priene, an Ionia; celebrated for his practical knowledge and strict regard to justice. He flourished about 550 B.C., and died at a very advanced age.

Bias

Bias, one of the seven sages of Greece; a native of Priene, an Ionia; celebrated for his practical knowledge…