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The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal palace, situated between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois. Its origins date back to the medieval period and its present structure has evolved in stages since the sixteenth century.

Plan of Louvre and Tuileries, Paris

The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal palace, situated between…

A side view of a diving helmet. K, Segmental neck rings; D, Air conduits; Telephone receiver; N, transmitter; and O, contact piece to ring bell.

Diving Helmet (Side)

A side view of a diving helmet. K, Segmental neck rings; D, Air conduits; Telephone receiver; N, transmitter;…

An illustration of communication between a diver and the surface. Q, Battery with switch and bell in case; and R, Attendant's receiver and transmitter.

Diver's Communication

An illustration of communication between a diver and the surface. Q, Battery with switch and bell in…

A diving bell, also known as a wet bell, is a cable-suspended airtight chamber, open at the bottom like a moon pool structure, that is lowered underwater to operate as a base or a means of transport for a small number of divers. The pressure of the water keeps the air trapped inside the bell. They were the first type of diving chamber. Unlike a submarine the diving bell is not designed to move under the control of its occupants, nor to operate independently of its tether.

Diving Bell

A diving bell, also known as a wet bell, is a cable-suspended airtight chamber, open at the bottom like…

Ely Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely) is the principal church of the Diocese of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, and the seat of the Bishop of Ely. It is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape that towers above the surrounding flat and watery landscape.

Ely Cathedral

Ely Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely) is the principal…

"Singer sewing-machine. a is the frame and cloth-plate or bed-plate; b, arm; ... g, small driving-wheel attached to shaft h; i, take-up cam with set-screw; j, take-up lever with roller and stud; ... m, spool-pin; n, shuttle-pitman taking motion from crank o; p, shuttle bell-crank; q, shuttle-carrier and shuttle; r, thread-guide; s, tension-disk ..." -Whitney, 1911

Singer Sewing Machine

"Singer sewing-machine. a is the frame and cloth-plate or bed-plate; b, arm; ... g, small driving-wheel…

The Nave of Bourges Cathedral in France showing the sexpartite vaulting, divided into six parts.

Sexpartite Vaulting

The Nave of Bourges Cathedral in France showing the sexpartite vaulting, divided into six parts.

The "clearstory window of St. Leu d'Esserent, France" showing a sexfoil window, of six petals. -Whitney, 1911

Clerestory

The "clearstory window of St. Leu d'Esserent, France" showing a sexfoil window, of six petals. -Whitney,…

A frame with a spinning wheel in the foregroud. A ship can be seen on the left and a church steeple on the right.

Spinning Wheel

A frame with a spinning wheel in the foregroud. A ship can be seen on the left and a church steeple…

"Architectural Refinement from Church of St. Quentin, France ... deviations from the geometrical accuracy of purely structural lines, which have been found widely distributed in architecture before the most modern era." -Whitney, 1911

Refinement

"Architectural Refinement from Church of St. Quentin, France ... deviations from the geometrical…

The capitals of the columns display an immense variety. The most beautiful have a crater-like form, and appear like the projecting bell of a flower, with leaves standing out from the surface (here). In other instances the pillars are imitations of a palm tree, and have a smooth slender shaft, a neck-moulding of several rings, and then, without any intermediate architectural division, a capital formed of the graceful leaves of the palm.

Capital in the Temple at Edfu

The capitals of the columns display an immense variety. The most beautiful have a crater-like form,…

The capitals of the columns display an immense variety. The most beautiful have a crater-like form, and appear like the projecting bell of a flower, with leaves standing out from the surface. In other instances the pillars are imitations of a palm tree, and have a smooth slender shaft, a neck-moulding of several rings, and then, without any intermediate architectural division, a capital formed of the graceful leaves of the palm (here).

Capital in the Temple at Edfu

The capitals of the columns display an immense variety. The most beautiful have a crater-like form,…

In some temples the pillars have, in lieu of capital, the face of a goddess, probably of Isis, with a drooping sacerdotal hood, and supporting a temple on the head. This face is repeated on four sides of the circular shaft.

Capital in the Temple at Denderah

In some temples the pillars have, in lieu of capital, the face of a goddess, probably of Isis, with…

The French Renaissance Leaf design tend to look more formal. This design was found in a church in Epernay (Northern France).

French Leaf Renaissance

The French Renaissance Leaf design tend to look more formal. This design was found in a church in Epernay…

The Blue-Bell flower is used as an ornament design in flat and relief forms.

Blue-Bell Flower

The Blue-Bell flower is used as an ornament design in flat and relief forms.

The Dolphin Frieze is a part of a larger frieze found in Rome at the Arco della chiesa nuovo (the arc of the new church) during the Italian Renaissance.

Dolphin Frieze

The Dolphin Frieze is a part of a larger frieze found in Rome at the Arco della chiesa nuovo (the arc…

The Satyr Mask (Greek Mythological character) was designed during the Italian Renaissance by Sansovino, is placed over a Festoon (wreath) in St. Maria del Popolo, a church in Rome, Italy.

Satyr Mask

The Satyr Mask (Greek Mythological character) was designed during the Italian Renaissance by Sansovino,…

The Winged Grotesque pilaster is a squatting winged female without arms. It is found on the tomb of Louis XII in the St. Denis church. It was designed during the French Renaissance.

Winged Grotesque Pilaster

The Winged Grotesque pilaster is a squatting winged female without arms. It is found on the tomb of…

This large vase was designed for the tomb of Louis XII in the Church of St. Denis, France during the French Renaissance.

Large Vase

This large vase was designed for the tomb of Louis XII in the Church of St. Denis, France during the…

This Medieval link border is found in a mural painting in a swedish church.

Medieval Link Border

This Medieval link border is found in a mural painting in a swedish church.

The gable of Church Cross is found in St. Urban's, Unterlimburg, Germany. It is used as a finial on Gables (top of roof).

Gable of Church Cross

The gable of Church Cross is found in St. Urban's, Unterlimburg, Germany. It is used as a finial on…

The bracket piscina pendant knob is found under the piscina of a church. It is a 16th century French design.

Bracket Piscina Pendant Knob

The bracket piscina pendant knob is found under the piscina of a church. It is a 16th century French…

The gothic hinge is found on a church door in Viersen, Germany. It is an extended strap hinge that is made of wrought metal-work.

Gothic Hinge

The gothic hinge is found on a church door in Viersen, Germany. It is an extended strap hinge that is…

The medieval maniple valence is an embroidered band of silk that is typically worn by priests in the Roman Catholic church. It is ornamented with cords, tassels and embroidery.

Medieval Maniple Valence

The medieval maniple valence is an embroidered band of silk that is typically worn by priests in the…

The decorated shaft is found in a church in Tournus, France. It is a design of geometrical networks.

Decorated Shaft

The decorated shaft is found in a church in Tournus, France. It is a design of geometrical networks.

The Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in St. Gereon's church in Cologne, Germany. It is a design of a half sphere that is cut by planes below and on the four sides.

Romanesque Cushion Capital

The Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in St. Gereon's church in Cologne, Germany. It is a design of…

The late Gothic capital has an abacus that is octagonal with projected leaves. This capital has an appearance of an inverted bell.

Late Gothic Capital

The late Gothic capital has an abacus that is octagonal with projected leaves. This capital has an appearance…

The late Gothic capital has an abacus that is octagonal with projected leaves. This capital has an appearance of an inverted bell.

Late Gothic Capital

The late Gothic capital has an abacus that is octagonal with projected leaves. This capital has an appearance…

This Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in the Abbey church in Germany. It is a design of a half sphere that is cut by planes below and on the four sides.

Romanesque Cushion Capital

This Romanesque Cushion Capital is found in the Abbey church in Germany. It is a design of a half sphere…

The Romanesque Double-Cushion Capital is an 11th century design found in the Rosheim church in France. It is a design of a half sphere that is cut by planes below and on the four sides.

Romanesque Double-Cushion Capital

The Romanesque Double-Cushion Capital is an 11th century design found in the Rosheim church in France.…

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent of the Antique style.

Romanesque Capital

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent…

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent of the Antique style.

Romanesque Capital

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent…

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent of the Antique style.

Romanesque Capital

This Romanesque capital is found in cloisters of a church. It is a simpler design that is reminiscent…

The wood baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found as stalls in the St. Maria Novella church in Florence, Italy.

Wood Baluster

The wood baluster is an Italian Renaissance design that is found as stalls in the St. Maria Novella…

This medieval console is found in a church in Athis, France.

Medieval Console

This medieval console is found in a church in Athis, France.

This Renaissance console is made out of marble. It is an Italian design found in the Santa Maria de Miracoli church in Venice, Italy.

Renaissance Console

This Renaissance console is made out of marble. It is an Italian design found in the Santa Maria de…

The Gothic square panel is a 15th century design of tiles found in Bloxham church, England.

Gothic Square Panel

The Gothic square panel is a 15th century design of tiles found in Bloxham church, England.

The Renaissance square panel is a motif that comes from a robe in the St. Croce church in Florence, Italy.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is a motif that comes from a robe in the St. Croce church in Florence,…

The Renaissance square panel is an intarsia (wood inlaying) design found on the stalls of a church in Pavia, Italy.

Renaissance Square Panel

The Renaissance square panel is an intarsia (wood inlaying) design found on the stalls of a church in…

The Romanesque circular panel is a 12 century design found on the portal of the St. Laurence church in Segovia, Spain.

Romanesque Circular Panel

The Romanesque circular panel is a 12 century design found on the portal of the St. Laurence church…

This marble mosaic circular panel is found on the floor of the St. Vitale church in Ravenna, Italy.

Marble Mosaic Circular Panel

This marble mosaic circular panel is found on the floor of the St. Vitale church in Ravenna, Italy.

This Renaissance circular panel is found in a church in Kamenz, Germany.

Renaissance Circular Panel

This Renaissance circular panel is found in a church in Kamenz, Germany.

An illustration of the bell tower at St. Giorgio in Velabro, Rome.

Bell Tower

An illustration of the bell tower at St. Giorgio in Velabro, Rome.

St Mark's Campanile is the bell tower of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy, located in the square (piazza) of the same name. It is a recognizable symbol of the city. The tower is 98.6 meters tall, and stands alone in a corner of St Mark's Square, near the front of the basilica. It has a simple form, the bulk of which is a plain brick shaft, 12 meters on a side and 50 meters tall, above which is the arched belfry, housing five bells. The belfry is topped by a cube, alternate faces of which show walking lions and the female representation of Venice (la Giustizia: Justice). The tower is capped by a pyramidal spire, at the top of which sits a golden weathervane in the form of the archangel Gabriel. The campanile reached its present form in 1514. As it stands today, however, the tower is a reconstruction, completed in 1912 after the collapse of 1902.

St. Mark's Campanile

St Mark's Campanile is the bell tower of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy, located in the square…

Giotto's bell tower (campanile) stands on the Cathedral square (Piazza del Duomo) in Florence, Italy. This bell tower is one of the showpieces of the Florentine gothic style. Standing isolated next to the Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore and in front of the Baptistery of St. John, this splendid construction attracts the eye and the admiration of every art lover by its design, rich sculptural decorations and the many-coloured marble encrustations.

Giotto's Campanile

Giotto's bell tower (campanile) stands on the Cathedral square (Piazza del Duomo) in Florence, Italy.…

An illustrations of a campanile in the Palazzo del Signore in Verona, Italy.

Campanile

An illustrations of a campanile in the Palazzo del Signore in Verona, Italy.

An illustration of a Byzantine capital from the the Church of St. Vitale, Ravenna. In several traditions of architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput, 'head') forms the crowning member of a column or a pilaster. The capital projects on each side as it rises, in order to support the abacus and unite the form of the latter (normally square) with the circular shaft of the column.

Byzantine Capitals

An illustration of a Byzantine capital from the the Church of St. Vitale, Ravenna. In several traditions…

An illustration of a Byzantine capital from the the Church of St. Vitale, Ravenna. In several traditions of architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput, 'head') forms the crowning member of a column or a pilaster. The capital projects on each side as it rises, in order to support the abacus and unite the form of the latter (normally square) with the circular shaft of the column.

Byzantine Capitals

An illustration of a Byzantine capital from the the Church of St. Vitale, Ravenna. In several traditions…

An illustration of the floor plan of Canterbury Cathedral. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury.

Canterbury Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Canterbury Cathedral. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent,…

An illustration of the floor plan of Salisbury Cathedral.

Salisbury Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Salisbury Cathedral.

An illustration of the floor plan of Durham Cathedral. The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England, was founded in AD 1093 and remains a centre for Christian worship today. It is generally regarded as one of the finest examples of a Norman cathedral and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with nearby Durham Castle, which faces it across Palace Green, high above the River Wear.

Durham Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Durham Cathedral. The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary…

An illustration of the floor plan of Ely Cathedral. Ely Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely) is the principal church of the Diocese of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, and the seat of the Bishop of Ely. It is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape that towers above the surrounding flat and watery landscape.

Ely Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Ely Cathedral. Ely Cathedral (in full, The Cathedral Church of…

An illustration of the floor plan of Chartres Cathedral. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), located in Chartres, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Paris, is considered one of the finest examples in all France of the Gothic style of architecture.

Chartres Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Chartres Cathedral. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, (French:…

An illustration of the floor plan of Sens Cathedral. Sens Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Étienne or St. Stephen's Cathedral, Sens (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sens, Bourgogne. One of the earliest Gothic buildings in France, it was begun in 1140 and belongs mainly to the 12th century, but was not complete until early in the 16th century. The architecture of its choir influenced, through the architect William of Sens, that of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral.

Sens Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Sens Cathedral. Sens Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Étienne…

An illustration of the floor plan of Angouleme Cathedral. A first cathedral was built on the site a primitive, pre-Christian sanctuary, in the 4th century AD. The edifice was destroyed when the town was taken by Clovis after the Battle of Vouillé (507). Another cathedral was consecrated in 560, but this was also set on fire by the Vikings/Normans some two centuries later. A third cathedral was then constructed under bishop Grimoard, abbot of Saint-Pierre de Brantôme. The new church was consecrated in 1017. However, at the beginning of the 12th century the citizens started to consider it too small for to the wealth of the county. The designer was bishop Gerard II, one of the most important French figures of the time, who was a professor, Papal legate for four popes and also a notable artist. Works began about 1110 and finished in 1128.

Angouleme Cathedral

An illustration of the floor plan of Angouleme Cathedral. A first cathedral was built on the site a…

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens (French: Cath&eacute;drale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is the tallest complete cathedral in France, with the greatest interior volume (estimated at 200,000 m<sup>3</sup>). The vaults of the nave are 42.30 m high, the tallest nave vaults in any completed French cathedral, and surpassed only by the incomplete Beauvais Cathedral. This monumental cathedral is located in Amiens, the chief city of Picardy, in the Somme River valley a little over 100 kilometers north of Paris.

Amiens Cathedral

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens…

The horn is a brass instrument consisting of about 12 feet (3.7 m) of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. It is descended from the natural horn and is informally known as the French horn.

French Horn

The horn is a brass instrument consisting of about 12 feet (3.7 m) of tubing wrapped into a coil with…

The Temple of Hephaestus and Athena Ergane, also known as the Hephaisteion or Theseion, is the best preserved ancient Greek temple. It is a Doric order peripteral temple, located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of St. George Akamates.

Temple of Theseus

The Temple of Hephaestus and Athena Ergane, also known as the Hephaisteion or Theseion, is the best…

"Section and Interior View of the five-aisled Basilica of S. Pietro at Rome, before its restoration. Large basilicas sometimes have as many as five aisles &mdash; namely, a main-aisle in the middle, and two lower aisles on each side."

Old St. Peter's Basilica

"Section and Interior View of the five-aisled Basilica of S. Pietro at Rome, before its restoration.…

"Profile and view from beneath of the Rafters in the Christian Basilica of San Miniato at Florence. The roofing of the basilicas consisted of beams with a flat paneling, which was richly gilt in earlier times, or the rafters of the timberworks were left without a casing, and were ornamented with colorful embellishments."

Profile of San Miniato al Monte

"Profile and view from beneath of the Rafters in the Christian Basilica of San Miniato at Florence.…