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"Calluna Vulgaris. The English form of a name given in most Teutonic dialects to the common ling or heather, but now applied to all species of Erica, an extensive genus of monopetalous plants, belonging to the order Ericaceae. The heaths are evergreen shrubs, with small narrow leaves, in whorls usually set rather thickly on the shoots; the persistent flowers have 4 sepals, and a 4-cleft campanulate or tubular corolla, in many species more or less ventricose or inflated." — Encyclopediia Britannica, 1893

Heath

"Calluna Vulgaris. The English form of a name given in most Teutonic dialects to the common ling or…

An instrument which serves to transform radiant energy into mechanical work. Have 4 vanes, with one side white and the other black.

Radiometer

An instrument which serves to transform radiant energy into mechanical work. Have 4 vanes, with one…

A genus of many species of flowers, ranging from yellow to white puffs.

Dandelion

A genus of many species of flowers, ranging from yellow to white puffs.

A small fringilline bird. The male has a crimson poll, a rosy red breast, and the plumage streaked with flaxen and dusky brown and white.

Redpoll

A small fringilline bird. The male has a crimson poll, a rosy red breast, and the plumage streaked with…

"Crown-grafting is preferable to cleft-grafting, inasmuch as it leaves no open spaces in the wood. The stock b is cut off horizontally or nearly so, and a slit is then cut in the bark f, f, a wedge-shaped piece of ivory being inserted to raise the bark; the scion is then cut to the same wedge-shaped form g, h, and inserted in the space opened for it between the albumen and the bark, after which it is tied down and clayed over in the manner already described." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Crown-Grafting

"Crown-grafting is preferable to cleft-grafting, inasmuch as it leaves no open spaces in the wood. The…

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as, for example, the herbaceous Gloxinia (a) and Gesnera, the succulent Sempervivum, Echeveria, Pachyphytum, and their allies and such hard-leaved plants as Theophrasta (b). The leaves are best taken off with the base whole, and should be planted in well-drained sandy soil; in due time they form roots, and ultimately from some latent bud a little shoot which forms the young plant. The treatment is precisely like that of branch cuttings. Gloxinias, begonias, etc., grow readily from fragments of the leaves cut clean through the thick veins and ribs, and planted edgewise like cuttings. This class of subjects may also be fixed flat on the surface of the cutting pot, by means of little pegs or hooks, the main ribs being cut across at intervals, and from these points roots, and eventually young tubers, will be produced." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Leaf Cuttings

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as,…

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as, for example, the herbaceous Gloxinia (a) and Gesnera, the succulent Sempervivum, Echeveria, Pachyphytum, and their allies and such hard-leaved plants as Theophrasta (b). The leaves are best taken off with the base whole, and should be planted in well-drained sandy soil; in due time they form roots, and ultimately from some latent bud a little shoot which forms the young plant. The treatment is precisely like that of branch cuttings. Gloxinias, begonias, etc., grow readily from fragments of the leaves cut clean through the thick veins and ribs, and planted edgewise like cuttings. This class of subjects may also be fixed flat on the surface of the cutting pot, by means of little pegs or hooks, the main ribs being cut across at intervals, and from these points roots, and eventually young tubers, will be produced." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Leaf Cuttings

"Many plans may be propagated by planting their leaves or portions of their leaves as cuttings, as,…

Wavy; tending to be sinuate, but less even; undulate; said chiefly of leaves and leaf margins.

Repand Leaf

Wavy; tending to be sinuate, but less even; undulate; said chiefly of leaves and leaf margins.

"The name given by the Greeks and Romans to the plants sometimes called Brancursine, of which it is also the botanical generic name. A. mollis and A. spinosa, natives of the south of Europe, are the species best known. The twining habit of the plants, their large white flowers, and, above all, the beautiful form of their dark and shining leaves, have led to their artistical application, especially in the capitals of Corinthian columns." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Acanthus

"The name given by the Greeks and Romans to the plants sometimes called Brancursine, of which it is…

Stiff plants with large, thick leaves. It is said to have medicinal purposes for burned or damaged skin.

American Aloe

Stiff plants with large, thick leaves. It is said to have medicinal purposes for burned or damaged skin.

"The long white linen vestment worn in early times by all ecclesiastics at divine service. It differed from the more modern surplice, which is only a modification of it, in having narrower sleeves. At the foot and wrists were embroidered ornaments called apparels." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Albe

"The long white linen vestment worn in early times by all ecclesiastics at divine service. It differed…

"Allaria officinalis. a, upper part of stem, with leaves and flowers; b, extremity of a branch, in fruit." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Allaria Officinalis

"Allaria officinalis. a, upper part of stem, with leaves and flowers; b, extremity of a branch, in fruit."…

"A genus of the natural orer Rosaceae, sub-order Amygdaleae or Drupaceae, consisting of trees or shrubs, distinguished by the coarsely furrowed and wrinkled shell of the drupe, and by the young leaves being conduplicate, or having their sides folded together." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Almond Tree

"A genus of the natural orer Rosaceae, sub-order Amygdaleae or Drupaceae, consisting of trees or shrubs,…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Amaranthaceae. This order contains nearly 300 known species, natives of tropical and temperate countries, but chiefly abounding within the tropics. They are herbs or shrubs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and flowers in heads or spikes." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Amaranth

"A genus of plants of the natural order Amaranthaceae. This order contains nearly 300 known species,…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceae, having an involucre of three divided leaves, more or less remote from the flower, a petaloid calyx, searcely distinguishable from the corolla, and soft woolly achenia, which in some species have tails." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone Coronaria

"A genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceae, having an involucre of three divided leaves,…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, by some botanists divided into two: A., and Archangelica. The species are mostly herbaceous and perennial, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the northern hemisphere. They have bipinnate or tripinnate leaves." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Angelica

"A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, by some botanists divided into two: A., and Archangelica.…

"Araucaria imbricata: End of a branch, much reduced, showing the mode of ramification, and the manner in which the leaves are imbricated." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Araucaria Imbricata

"Araucaria imbricata: End of a branch, much reduced, showing the mode of ramification, and the manner…

"A genus of plants of the natural order Coniferae, allied to the cypress, and consisting of evergreen trees and shrubs with compressed or flattened branchlets-small, scale-like, imbricated leaves-and monaecious flowers, which have 4-celled anthers, and the scales of the strobiles with two upright ovules." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arbor Vitae

"A genus of plants of the natural order Coniferae, allied to the cypress, and consisting of evergreen…

"A genus of plants belonging to the natural order compositae, sub-order Corymbiferae. The flowers of the ray are female and ligulate, those of the disk hermaphrodite and tubular. The receptacle is naked; the pappus hairy. The root, leaves, and flowers of the Mountain Tobacco are much valued in medicine, and administers in various forms as a stimulant in paralytic affections, typhoid fevers, and other diseases." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arnica Montana

"A genus of plants belonging to the natural order compositae, sub-order Corymbiferae. The flowers of…

"Arum maculatum. a, leaves and root; b, spathe, with base of spadix exposed; c, fruit." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arum Maculatum

"Arum maculatum. a, leaves and root; b, spathe, with base of spadix exposed; c, fruit." — Chambers'…

"A plant of the natural order Aristolochiaceae, a native of Europe, growing in woods; rare, and perhaps not truly indigenous, in Britain. The whole plant has acrid properties; the roots and leaves are aromatic, purgative, and emetic. b, detached anther; c, style." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Asarabacca

"A plant of the natural order Aristolochiaceae, a native of Europe, growing in woods; rare, and perhaps…

"Common Ash. a, a branch with leaves; b, flowers; c, fruit (on a considerably larger scale than the leaves and flowers)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Common Ash

"Common Ash. a, a branch with leaves; b, flowers; c, fruit (on a considerably larger scale than the…

"Asparagus. a, a young shoot; b, flowers; c, the upper end of a stem, showing branches, leaves, and fruit (all reduced.)" — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Asparagus

"Asparagus. a, a young shoot; b, flowers; c, the upper end of a stem, showing branches, leaves, and…

"A tree which grows plentifully in Europe and in Siberia. It is a native of Britain, and is frequent in Scotland, where it is found even at an elevation of 1500 feet above the sea. It has recieved the specific name tremula, from the readiness with which its leaves are thrown into a tremulous motion by the slightest breath of wind. a, a portion of a branch with catkins; b, do., with leaves." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Aspen

"A tree which grows plentifully in Europe and in Siberia. It is a native of Britain, and is frequent…

"A genus of plans of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae. The pod is more or less perfectly 2-celled. The leaves are pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. the species are numerous, natives chiefly of the temperate and colder parts of the Old World, shrubby, and often spiny, or unarmed and herbaceous." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Astragalus

"A genus of plans of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Papilionaceae. The pod is more or less…

"A genus of Palms, of which about sixeen species are known, natives of tropical America, remarkable for the abundance of acute and formidable spines, in some cases, a foot long, with which almost every part- stem, leaves, spathe, and fruit-stalk-is armed." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Astrocaryum

"A genus of Palms, of which about sixeen species are known, natives of tropical America, remarkable…

"Balsam (Impatiens Noli-me-tangere). a, top of stem with leaves and flowers; b, ripe fruit unopened; c, ripe fruit, elastically opening." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Balsam

"Balsam (Impatiens Noli-me-tangere). a, top of stem with leaves and flowers; b, ripe fruit unopened;…

"A perennial plant with long creeping stems, heart-shaped leaves on long stalks, and variously lobed, large purple flowers much resembling those of the best known species of Convolvulus, and very large oblong acuminated tubers." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Batatas

"A perennial plant with long creeping stems, heart-shaped leaves on long stalks, and variously lobed,…

"Chrysalids: a, Orange-tip Butterfly; b, Black-veined White Butterfly; a, Swallow-tailed Butterfly; d, Purple Emperor; e, Silverwashed Fritillary; f, Duke of Burgundy Fritillary." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Chrysalids

"Chrysalids: a, Orange-tip Butterfly; b, Black-veined White Butterfly; a, Swallow-tailed Butterfly;…

"A fish of the family Cyprinidae, of the same genus with the roach, dace, bleak and minnow. The color is bluish-black on the upper parts, passing in to silvey white on the belly; the cheeks and gill-covers rich golden yellow. The chub rarely attains a weight exceeding 5 lbs. It is plentiful in many of the rivers of England, and occurs in some of those of the south-west of Scotland." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Chub

"A fish of the family Cyprinidae, of the same genus with the roach, dace, bleak and minnow. The color…

"Cinnamon: a, end of branch, with leaves and flowers; b, four-celled anther." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cinnamon

"Cinnamon: a, end of branch, with leaves and flowers; b, four-celled anther." — Chambers' Encyclopedia,…

"Convolvulus: a, part of stem with leaves and flower; b, a flower-stalk and flower, the corolla and stamens removed." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Convolvulus

"Convolvulus: a, part of stem with leaves and flower; b, a flower-stalk and flower, the corolla and…

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil (Oil of Copaiva). It flows from incisions made in the stems of trees of the genus Copaifera, trees with pinnate leaves, of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Caesalpinisae, natives of the topical parts of America." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Copaiva Tree

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil…

"Cornel: a, a branch with leaves and fruit; b, a single flower." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cornel

"Cornel: a, a branch with leaves and fruit; b, a single flower." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

"A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, having petals bent in at the middle, and flat compressed fruit. One species only is a native of Britain, the common cow parsnip is hog-weed, called Kiesh in Scotland; a common and rank weed, with coarsely hairy leaves, and stem about 3-5 feet high." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cow Parsnip

"A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferae, having petals bent in at the middle, and flat…

"Cranberry (Vaccinium palustris): a, part of stem and branches, with roots, leaves, and flowers; b, a berry; c, transverse section of a berry." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cranberry

"Cranberry (Vaccinium palustris): a, part of stem and branches, with roots, leaves, and flowers; b,…

"A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as a salad. It is sometimes more strictly confused to the genus Lepidium, a genus of the natural order Cruciferae, having small white flowers, and oblong or rounded laterally compressed pouches (silicules), with the cells one-seeded, and the valves keeled or winged on the back." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cress

"A name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as…

"In Gothic Architecture, are projecting leaves, flowers, or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the angles of spires, canopies and pinnacles. The varieties of crockets are innumerable, almost every kind of leaf and flower being copied for the purpose." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crockets

"In Gothic Architecture, are projecting leaves, flowers, or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the…

"In Gothic Architecture, are projecting leaves, flowers, or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the angles of spires, canopies and pinnacles. The varieties of crockets are innumerable, almost every kind of leaf and flower being copied for the purpose." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crockets

"In Gothic Architecture, are projecting leaves, flowers, or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the…

"A small procumbent shrub, of the natural order Empetraceae, a native of the northern parts of the world, abundant in the moors of Scotland and the north of England. The order consists of a few heath-like shrubs, which, however, are regarded as having a botanical affinity to Euphorbiaceae, with small unisexual flowers in the axils of the leaves, the fruit a small berry seated in the persistent calyx. b, fruit cut open; c, flower." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crowberry

"A small procumbent shrub, of the natural order Empetraceae, a native of the northern parts of the world,…

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament for the head by almost every people. they were much used by both the classical nations of joyous and on solemn occasions." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crown

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament…

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament for the head by almost every people. they were much used by both the classical nations of joyous and on solemn occasions." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Crown

"Crowns were originally garlands of leaves; and in this form they have probably been used as an ornament…

"Cusso: A, a branch, with leaves and flowers; B, a flower seen laterally; C, a female flower; a, b, c, d, e, the five outer segments of the calyx." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cusso

"Cusso: A, a branch, with leaves and flowers; B, a flower seen laterally; C, a female flower; a, b,…

"Cusp, in architecture, is the point formed by the meeting of two small arches, or foils, in foil arches, or tracery. Cusps often terminate in rich bosses of flowers and leaves." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cusp

"Cusp, in architecture, is the point formed by the meeting of two small arches, or foils, in foil arches,…

"A grass of the same genus with the valuable Ryegrass, an annual, common in the cornfields in England and many parts of Europe. It has no tufts of leaves from the rot, the glumes are as long as the spikelets, or longer, the spikelets contain 5-7 florets which are awned." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Darnel

"A grass of the same genus with the valuable Ryegrass, an annual, common in the cornfields in England…

"Dogbane. a, end of branch, with leaves and flowers; b, a flower cut open; c, fruit." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dogbane

"Dogbane. a, end of branch, with leaves and flowers; b, a flower cut open; c, fruit." — Chambers'…

A perennial plant with many short red stems and green leaves. Commonly used in cooking.

Medicinal Rhubarb

A perennial plant with many short red stems and green leaves. Commonly used in cooking.

A seal which has many bands of white around black.

Ribbon Seal

A seal which has many bands of white around black.

"Flower-stock, Leaves, and cluster of Berries of the Common Elder (Sambucus nigra)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Common Elder

"Flower-stock, Leaves, and cluster of Berries of the Common Elder (Sambucus nigra)." — Chambers'…

A small bird having grey and brown upper parts with small black and white spots. Pale grey under parts and a brown rump.

Rock Wren

A small bird having grey and brown upper parts with small black and white spots. Pale grey under parts…

An Australian parrot. Usually consisting of bright colors such as scarlet, green, blue, yellow, and white.

Rosella

An Australian parrot. Usually consisting of bright colors such as scarlet, green, blue, yellow, and…

"An optical instrument employed for exhibiting the images of objects in their forms and colors, so that they may be traced and a picture drawn, or may be represented by photography. A simple camera obscura is presented by a darkened chamber into which no light is permitted to enter excepting by a small hole in the window-shutter. A picture of the objects opposite the hole will then be seen on the wall or on a white screen placed opposite the opening." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Camera Obscura

"An optical instrument employed for exhibiting the images of objects in their forms and colors, so that…

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native of the East Indies, where it is cultivated on an extensive scale. It is a climbing plant, which broad, ovate, acuminate leaves, and little globular berries, which, when ripe, are of a bright-red color. The pepper of Malacca, Java, and especially of Sumatra, is the most esteemed. Its culture has been introduced into various other tropical countries. White pepper is the best and soundest of the berries, gathered when fully ripe, and deprived of their external skin." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Black Pepper

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native…

"Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, born in Onondaga county, New York, in 1817; died in 1904. Among his best works are Indian Girl Contemplating a Crucifix, The White Captive, The Sleeping Peri, and Landing of the Pilgrims." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Erastus Dow Palmer

"Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, born in Onondaga county, New York, in 1817; died in 1904. Among his…

"Aldrovanda vesiculosa. Whorl of Leaves." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Aldrovanda

"Aldrovanda vesiculosa. Whorl of Leaves." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Leaves of Sarracenta purpurea. A, attractive surface of lid; B, conducting, C, glandular, and D, detentive surface; magnified." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sarracenta

"Leaves of Sarracenta purpurea. A, attractive surface of lid; B, conducting, C, glandular, and D, detentive…

"Cephalotus follicularis, showing ordinary leaves and pitchers, the right hand one cut open to show internal structure." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Cephalotus

"Cephalotus follicularis, showing ordinary leaves and pitchers, the right hand one cut open to show…

"Morphology of Pitchers. A, ordinary leaf of Cephalotus; B, monstrous leaf with spoon-shaped depression; C and D, other abnormal forms more deeply pouched, showing formation of pitcher; E, ordinary pitcher of Cephalotus; F, pitcher of Nepenthes; G, pitcher of Sarracenia; a, apex of leaf." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pitchers

"Morphology of Pitchers. A, ordinary leaf of Cephalotus; B, monstrous leaf with spoon-shaped depression;…

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing machine; the tool being made to revolve very rapidly (300 to 500 turns per minute for white iron and 800 to 1000 for grey pig) gives the metal such an impulse that it gyrates horizontally round the bed, continually renewing the surface in contact with the atmosphere; this is further aided, by making the end of the rabble to carry a disk, which is replaced by a short twisted point when the metal comes to nature." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dormoy's Rabble

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing…

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing machine; the tool being made to revolve very rapidly (300 to 500 turns per minute for white iron and 800 to 1000 for grey pig) gives the metal such an impulse that it gyrates horizontally round the bed, continually renewing the surface in contact with the atmosphere; this is further aided, by making the end of the rabble to carry a disk, which is replaced by a short twisted point when the metal comes to nature." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dormoy's Rabble

"Dormoy's rabble differs from others of this class in being worked by rotation like a hair-brushing…