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"Silver gulden of William III., King of the Netherlands, 1867. GULDEN. One of several gold coins in Germany from the fourteenth century ... the name was afterward applied to silver coins of Germany and the Netherlands." -Whitney, 1911

Gulden

"Silver gulden of William III., King of the Netherlands, 1867. GULDEN. One of several gold coins in…

Chanticleer, the rooster and his family of chickens testifying to Lion, the king that Reynard the Fox ate a hen.

Reynard the Fox: Chanticleer's Complaint

Chanticleer, the rooster and his family of chickens testifying to Lion, the king that Reynard the Fox…

This sculpture shows Fair Rosamond who was the mistress of King Henry II of England.

Sculpture

This sculpture shows Fair Rosamond who was the mistress of King Henry II of England.

This table cloth is was made for the Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. It has scenery of deer stalking, a sport that prince Albert enjoyed at the time.

Table Cloth

This table cloth is was made for the Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. It has scenery of deer stalking,…

This statue is of Saer de Quincy. He was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against King John of England.

Statue

This statue is of Saer de Quincy. He was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against King John…

This sculpture depicts the Queen and the Prince of Wales in bronze.

Sculpture

This sculpture depicts the Queen and the Prince of Wales in bronze.

This chair was manufactured in Montreal, Canada as a present to the Queen of England.

Chair

This chair was manufactured in Montreal, Canada as a present to the Queen of England.

The magnificent book case was a gift from the Emperor of Austria to the Queen of England. It is carved in a Gothic style using oak wood. There are decorative spikes at the very top, similar to a church's roof.

Magnificent Book Case

The magnificent book case was a gift from the Emperor of Austria to the Queen of England. It is carved…

This decorative panel is a British design. In the center is a figure of Queen Eleanor, and the background is a gold leaf design.

Decorative Panel

This decorative panel is a British design. In the center is a figure of Queen Eleanor, and the background…

This queen chess piece is wearing a 16th century costume, worn by the princesses of Germany.

Queen Chess Piece

This queen chess piece is wearing a 16th century costume, worn by the princesses of Germany.

This king chess piece is wearing a 16th century costume.

King Chess Piece

This king chess piece is wearing a 16th century costume.

This vase is designed in a Gothic style. It was made for the King of the Netherlands, William II. It has figures designed in the niches of its body of six famous princes of the house of Orange and Nassau. The lid is topped with the figure of Adolphus of Nassau, who became Emperor of Germany.

Vase

This vase is designed in a Gothic style. It was made for the King of the Netherlands, William II. It…

This tiara is a head-dress made with sapphires and diamonds. It is part of the jewels of the Queen of Spain.

Tiara

This tiara is a head-dress made with sapphires and diamonds. It is part of the jewels of the Queen of…

This head ornament comes from the jewels of the Queen of Spain. It is a bouquet of flowers that are studded with emeralds and diamonds.

Head Ornament

This head ornament comes from the jewels of the Queen of Spain. It is a bouquet of flowers that are…

King Noble's court taking Reynard the Fox to be punished for the tricks he played on all the animals.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Sentence

King Noble's court taking Reynard the Fox to be punished for the tricks he played on all the animals.

Isegrim the wolf telling Reynard the Fox that there is a great treasure hidden and they are planning to make Bruin the bear the new king.

Reynard the Fox: Isegrim the Wolf

Isegrim the wolf telling Reynard the Fox that there is a great treasure hidden and they are planning…

The father of Reynard the Fox finds buried treasure of the former king, Ermerick.

Reynard the Fox: Finding the Treasure

The father of Reynard the Fox finds buried treasure of the former king, Ermerick.

Reynard the Fox, after telling his story about the treasure to the king, proffers a straw to Lion, surrendering the treasure to him.

Reynard the Fox: Proffering to the King

Reynard the Fox, after telling his story about the treasure to the king, proffers a straw to Lion, surrendering…

King Lion and his queen pardon Reynard the Fox for all of animals' accusations against him. Reynard told them that the animals were guilty of treason and stealing treasure that was rightfully Lion's.

Reynard the Fox: The King's Pardon

King Lion and his queen pardon Reynard the Fox for all of animals' accusations against him. Reynard…

After telling the lie about the animals planning treason and stealing treasure, King Lion and his queen trust and love Reynard the Fox. He has them take the shoes of Isegrim the wolf and his wife Ereswine for his pilgrimage.

Reynard the Fox: Taking Isegrim's Shoes

After telling the lie about the animals planning treason and stealing treasure, King Lion and his queen…

Lion the king, Kyward the hare, and Bellin the ram set Reynard the Fox off on his pilgrimage with the bear's skin as his mail and the wolves' shoes as his own.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Pilgrimage

Lion the king, Kyward the hare, and Bellin the ram set Reynard the Fox off on his pilgrimage with the…

Bellin the ram traveling back to the king after Reynard the Fox sent him away.

Reynard the Fox: Bellin the Ram

Bellin the ram traveling back to the king after Reynard the Fox sent him away.

Firapell the Leopard reading the message from King Lion to pardon the wrongfully imprisoned Bruin the bear and Isegrim the wolf. The king pardons them after discovering Reynard's stories of treason were lies.

Reynard the Fox: Firapell the Leopard

Firapell the Leopard reading the message from King Lion to pardon the wrongfully imprisoned Bruin the…

Grimbard the badger running to warn Reynard the Fox that King Lion is after him.

Reynard the Fox: Grimbard Running

Grimbard the badger running to warn Reynard the Fox that King Lion is after him.

Reynard the Fox at King Noble's court again, telling his side of the story to Lion and the other animals.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Story

Reynard the Fox at King Noble's court again, telling his side of the story to Lion and the other animals.

King Noble the lion listens to Reynard's story at the court.

Reynard the Fox: King Noble

King Noble the lion listens to Reynard's story at the court.

Reynard is telling the story of King Crampart's horse that could run a hundred miles in an hour. Prince Clamades rode it because he did not believe it could go that fast.

Reynard the Fox: Story of Crampart's Horse

Reynard is telling the story of King Crampart's horse that could run a hundred miles in an hour. Prince…

The king said that Reynard the fox and his family never did anything good. Reynard is reminding him how his father, a scholar, helped Lion's father when he was sick.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard's Father

The king said that Reynard the fox and his family never did anything good. Reynard is reminding him…

Lion, the king makes Reynard the fox a judge since he is wise and able to find mischiefs.

Reynard the Fox: Reynard the Judge

Lion, the king makes Reynard the fox a judge since he is wise and able to find mischiefs.

The king of the Frost Giants tests Thor's strength by challenging him to lift his cat. Thor tries with all his might but can only lift her paw.

Thor in Giant Land

The king of the Frost Giants tests Thor's strength by challenging him to lift his cat. Thor tries with…

Vali, the sunshine god, is found as a baby in a ship that arrives sailing by itself. The people of that city crown him king.

Vali Arrives

Vali, the sunshine god, is found as a baby in a ship that arrives sailing by itself. The people of that…

Sigmund, the son of Volsung, lived in a castle with a giant oak tree growing out of it. A disguised Odin thrusts a powerful sword in the oak and says that whoever can pull it out will be able to keep the mighty sword. No grown men could pull it out, but young Sigmund pulls it out with ease.

Sigmund and the Oak Tree

Sigmund, the son of Volsung, lived in a castle with a giant oak tree growing out of it. A disguised…

In Norse mythology, Nornagesta was fated by the three Norns: Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. Urd and Verdandi gave him a rich, heroic life. Skuld said he would live no longer than a burning candle. Nornagesta kept the candle safe and hidden and lived to be 300 years old. King Olaf found the candle, burned it, and Nornagesta died.

Olaf and Nornagesta

In Norse mythology, Nornagesta was fated by the three Norns: Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. Urd and Verdandi…

An illustration of a queen and king surrounded by a group of people and dogs running around their feet.

Queen and King Surrounded by People

An illustration of a queen and king surrounded by a group of people and dogs running around their feet.

An illustration of a queen holding a rolling pin and talking to the kitchen staff.

Queen in Kitchen with Staff

An illustration of a queen holding a rolling pin and talking to the kitchen staff.

An illustration of a king and queen sitting the head of a large table surrounded by people.

King & Queen Sitting at Table

An illustration of a king and queen sitting the head of a large table surrounded by people.

An illustration of a king making a fist.

King Making a Fist

An illustration of a king making a fist.

An illustration of a queen looking to her right.

Queen

An illustration of a queen looking to her right.

An illustration of a king and queen holding hands and dancing with a large group of people.

King & Queen Dancing with Group of People

An illustration of a king and queen holding hands and dancing with a large group of people.

An ancient Babylonian stone carving of King Merodach-idin-akhi, the Mesopotamian sun god.

King Merodach-idin-akhi

An ancient Babylonian stone carving of King Merodach-idin-akhi, the Mesopotamian sun god.

An illustration of four various axes: "1, Horseman's hammer of about the time of Edward IV; 2, Martel-de-fer, time of Henry VIII; 3, Martel-de-fer, time of Edward VI; 4, Martel-de-fer with hand-gun, time of Queen Elizabeth." -Century, 1889

Four Axes

An illustration of four various axes: "1, Horseman's hammer of about the time of Edward IV; 2, Martel-de-fer,…

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Philip V, king of Macedon.

Tetradrachm of Philip V

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Philip V, king of Macedon.

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Perseus, king of Macedon.

Tetradrachm of Perseus

Tetradrachm, a Greek coin showing the face of Perseus, king of Macedon.

Lictors were guards of magistrates who carried fasces to show power to execute. Two men, one young, one older, stand side by side, each holding fasces. Fasces are axes bound to bundles of wooden rods. These lictors function as bodyguards. The men are wearing togas.

Two Attendants, or Lictors, of a King or Consul

Lictors were guards of magistrates who carried fasces to show power to execute. Two men, one young,…

"Pitangus derbianus. Derby Flycatcher. Under parts light wood-brown, with an olive tinge; wings and tail the same, but the feathers extensively bordered without and within with chestnut, forming a conspicuous continuous area on the wing-quills in the closed wing, and on most of the wing and tail-feathers more extensively than the brown portion of the inner webs. Below from the breast, including lining of wings, clear and continuous lemon-yellow. Whole chin and throat pure white, widening behind up under ear-coverts. Top and sides of head black, a circle of white from forehead over eyes to nape white, the enclosed black enclosing black a lemon and orange patch. Or, middle of crown yellow and orange, enclosed and partly concealed in black, this black enclosed in white, then the long and broad black bar on side of head, separating the white of side of crown from that of side of throat. The coronal feathers lengthened and erectile as in a king-bird, or more so; crown-patch of same character but more extensive. Bill and feet black; iris hazel Sexes alike." Elliot Coues, 1884

Derby Flycatcher

"Pitangus derbianus. Derby Flycatcher. Under parts light wood-brown, with an olive tinge; wings and…

Tyrannus carolinensis. King-bird. Bee-martin. No olive nor decided yellow. Only outer primaries obviously emarginate. Tail nearly even - if anything a little rounded. Blackish-ash, still darker or quite black on head, crown with a flaming spot. Below, pure white, the breast shaded with plumbeous. Wings dusky, with much whitish edging. Tail black, broadly and sharply tipped with white, the outer feather sometimes edged with the same. Bill and feet black." Elliot Coues, 1884

King-bird

Tyrannus carolinensis. King-bird. Bee-martin. No olive nor decided yellow. Only outer primaries obviously…

The Illustrata Iconibus is a 16th century print that was created by German artist Hans Holbein. It shows a king in his quarters writing, and two commoners outside walking.

Iconibus Illustrata

The Illustrata Iconibus is a 16th century print that was created by German artist Hans Holbein. It shows…

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. This illustration shows a ship traveling the sea.

Fairy Queen

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English…

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. This illustration shows two soldiers fighting.

Fairy Queen

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English…

Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans. The buildings house the Musée de l'Armée, the military museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine, as well as the burial site for some of France's war heroes, notably Napoleon Bonaparte."The principal architectural activity of this period was displayed by Jules Hardouin Mansard, who was head architect to the king and the head of the influential school, as Lenôtre at the same time was principal horticulturist. Mansard built the palaces of Versailles (1647-1708, Marly, the Grand Trianon, as also the Invalides at Paris [shown here]."

Invalides at Paris

Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing…

The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast mainly Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy. It is situated on the south side of the River Arno, a short distance from the Ponte Vecchio. The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker. The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grew as a great treasure house as later generations amassed paintings, plates, jewelry and luxurious possessions. In the late 18th century, the palazzo was used as a power base by Napoleon, and later served for a brief period as the principal royal palace of the newly united Italy. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919, and its doors were opened to the public as one of Florence's largest art galleries. Today, it houses several minor collections in addition to those of the Medici family, and is fully open to the public. "Columns, pilasters, and mouldings are intermingled and intertwined in a fantastic and meaningless manner, the cornices are often interrupted; the essentially component parts of the architecture are frequently mutilated; for instance, columns and wall-pilasters are executed in rustic work, i. e., formed of extensively projecting hewn stones, yet are furnished with a capital and base as is shown [in this image], which is an illustration taken from the Late Italian Renaissance. For the sake of peculiarity, the various component elements assumed a form diametrically opposed to their original designation; mere decorative and secondary details were raised to the rank of essentials, whilst the real principal forms sank to an entirely subordinate position."

Part of the Back of the Pitti Palace at Florence

The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast mainly Renaissance palace…

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. This illustration shows Una, one of the characters, and the lion.

Fairy Queen

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English…

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. This illustration shows a ship traveling the sea.

Fairy Queen

This is an illustration of the Fairy Queen by English artist Walter Crane in 1896. It is an English…

The Windsor castle is located in the county of Berkshire in England. It is the largest inhabited castle in the world. Currently it is one of the principal residence of the British Monarch, where Queen Elizabeth II spends many weekends out of the year at the castle.

Windsor Castle

The Windsor castle is located in the county of Berkshire in England. It is the largest inhabited castle…

The Pontefract Castle is located in the town of Pontefract in West Yorkshire, England. It was where Richard II, eighth King of England lived and died. The castle was built by Ilbert de Lacy in about 1070.

Pontefract Castle

The Pontefract Castle is located in the town of Pontefract in West Yorkshire, England. It was where…

The Norwich Castle was built in 1067 by the order of William the Conquerer, who was King of England at the time. The castle was built to be used as fortification in the city of Norwich, England.

Norwich Castle

The Norwich Castle was built in 1067 by the order of William the Conquerer, who was King of England…

Melrose Abbey is a Gothic style Christian monastery located in Melrose, Scotland. The Abbey was founded in 1136 by Cistercian Monks, on the request of King David I of Scotland.

Melrose Abbey

Melrose Abbey is a Gothic style Christian monastery located in Melrose, Scotland. The Abbey was founded…

This is the Plan of Principal Floor of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England. Other wise known as Westminster Palace, It is an example of Modern English Architecture. The architect was Sir Charles Barry. Construction lasted from 1836 to 1868. The Houses of Parliament is located on the River Thames. The scale is given in feet. "Barry's great building, the Houses of Parliament, with which his name will always be more especially associated, comes accidentally, though not by natural development nor by his own choice, under the head of the Gothic revival. The style of Tudor Gothic was dictated to the competitors, apparently from a mistaken idea that the building ought to "harmonize" with the architecture of Henry VII.'s chapel adjacent to the site. Had Barry been left to himself, there is no doubt that the Houses of Parliament, with the same main characteristics of plan and grouping, would have been a classic type of detail, and would possibly have been still a finer building than it is; and since the choice of the Gothic style in this case was not a direct consequence of the Gothic revival movement, it may be considered separately from that. The architectural greatness of the building consists, in the first place, in the grand yet simple scheme of Barry's plan, with the octagon hall in the centre, as the meeting-point for the public, the two chambers to north and south, and the access to the committee-rooms and other departments subordinate to the chambers. The plan in itself is a stroke of genius, and had been more or less imitated in buildings for similar purposes all over the world; the most important example, the Parliament House of Budapest, being almost a literal copy of Barry's plan. Thus, as in all great architecture, the plan is the basis of the whole scheme, and upon it is built up a most picturesque and expressive grouping, arising directly out of the plan. The two towers are most happily contrasted as expressive of their differing purposes; the Victoria Tower is the symbol of the State entrance, a piece of architectural display solely for the sake of a grand effect; the Clock Tower is a utilitarian structure, a lofty stalk to carry a great clock high in the air; the two are differentiated accordingly, and the placing of them at opposite ends of the structure has the fortunate effect of indicating, from a distance, the extent of the plan. The graceful spire in the centre offers an effective contrast to the masses of the two towers, while forming the outward architectural expression of the octagonal hall, which is, as it were, the keystone of the plan."

Houses of Parliament, Westminster; Plan of Principal Floor

This is the Plan of Principal Floor of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England. Other wise…

"In contrast to the Berlin school is that of Munich, which was founded by Gärtner. Its influence, which was supported by the renown of many edifices constructed by this architect, such as the Liberty, the University Buildings, and the Ludwigskirche, extended over many other parts of Germany. Without being in any way influenced by the works of Klenze, which are erected in the classical style, such as the Glyptothek, the Pantheon, the Valhalla, and many others, Gärtner's pupils as well as his pupil's pupils, continued in the course of Romantic treatment pointed out to them, and with few exceptions remained steadfast to the Romanesque style."The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and Roman sculptures (hence Glypto-, from the Greek root glyphein, to carve). It was designed by Leo von Klenze in the Neoclassical style, and built from 1816 to 1830. Today the museum is a part of the Kunstareal.

Glyptothek at Munich

"In contrast to the Berlin school is that of Munich, which was founded by Gärtner. Its influence, which…

A bed frame or bedstead is the part of a bed used to position a mattress or foundation set off the floor. Bed frames are typically made of wood or metal. A bed frame is made up of head, foot, and side rails. Most double sized beds, along with all queen and king size beds require some type of center support rail, typically also with extra feet extending down to the floor.

Headboard Included Bedstead

A bed frame or bedstead is the part of a bed used to position a mattress or foundation set off the floor.…