A cross-section of the Edison Electric Company's hydro-electric station at Kern River, California, containing four 10,750 h.p. Allis-Chalmers impulse wheels.

Impulse Wheels

A cross-section of the Edison Electric Company's hydro-electric station at Kern River, California, containing…

A dirt catching device assembled and cross-sectioned.

Device

A dirt catching device assembled and cross-sectioned.

Perspective drawing of a cross.

Cross Perspective

Perspective drawing of a cross.

An example of cross water channel asymmetrically aligned.

Cross Water Channel

An example of cross water channel asymmetrically aligned.

An example of cross water channel, set off-center.

Channel

An example of cross water channel, set off-center.

Cross-section of a steam engine plant with Alberger barometric condenser and cooling tower.

Steam Engine

Cross-section of a steam engine plant with Alberger barometric condenser and cooling tower.

A memorial cross found in Forteviot, Scotland.

Cross

A memorial cross found in Forteviot, Scotland.

A memorial cross found in Monasterboice, Ireland.

Monasterboice

A memorial cross found in Monasterboice, Ireland.

St. Martin's cross.

St. Martin's

St. Martin's cross.

Cross section of Ashoken Dam.

Dam

Cross section of Ashoken Dam.

Cross-section of New Croton dam.

Cross-section of Dam

Cross-section of New Croton dam.

Fourchee, having the ends branched and the ends of the branches terminating as if cut off abruptly.

Fourchee

Fourchee, having the ends branched and the ends of the branches terminating as if cut off abruptly.

American soldiers retreating across the Rappahannock river in Northwest Virginia. It shows an example of a ford, which is a place in a river or other body of water where it is shallow enough for people to cross.

Rappahannock River

American soldiers retreating across the Rappahannock river in Northwest Virginia. It shows an example…

Drawing of graves with a church in the background.

Graveyard and Church

Drawing of graves with a church in the background.

A man preaching to a crowd in medieval times in front of a large cross.

Medieval Preacher

A man preaching to a crowd in medieval times in front of a large cross.

A woman in a long white robe clutches a dagger, or perhaps a cross. She stands by large windows.

Woman with Dagger

A woman in a long white robe clutches a dagger, or perhaps a cross. She stands by large windows.

A woman with a small child in tow. The woman appears cross and the child looks anxious.

Girl and Woman

A woman with a small child in tow. The woman appears cross and the child looks anxious.

Cross breeding of white pop corn (left) with yellow dent corn. The resulting hybrid is in the center.

Cross Breeding Corn

Cross breeding of white pop corn (left) with yellow dent corn. The resulting hybrid is in the center.

"And in those days cometh John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, saying, Repent ye; for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. For this is he that was spoken of through Isaiah the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make ye ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. Now John himself had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his food was locusts and wild honey." Matthew 3:1-4 ASV
<p>Illustration of John the Baptist wearing a camel hair garnet and holding a cup. A cross can barely be seen in the shadow at the left side of the illustration.

John the Baptist

"And in those days cometh John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, saying, Repent ye;…

Engraving by W.C. Wrankmore after Pierre-Paul Prud'hon's Christ on the Cross, 1823.

Christ on the Cross, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon

Engraving by W.C. Wrankmore after Pierre-Paul Prud'hon's Christ on the Cross, 1823.

Illustration of Jesus carrying his cross from the 1853 title page of a German Bible.

Jesus Carrying His Cross

Illustration of Jesus carrying his cross from the 1853 title page of a German Bible.

" And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they offered him wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. And they crucify him, and part his garments among them, casting lots upon them, what each should take. And it was the third hour, and they crucified him." Mark 15:22-25 ASV
<p>Illustration of men nailing Jesus to the cross. One man holds a ladder. Another man is on horseback.

Jesus Nailed to the Cross

" And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And…

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The place of a skull, which is called in Hebrew, Golgotha..." John 19:17 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus bearing his cross as his mother, Mary, falls to her knees in front of him. A disciple stands in the background (right). Simon stands behind Jesus with his left hand on the cross and a length of rope in his raised right hand. Behind Simon is another man, carrying a ladder. A crowd is following, including a soldier on a horse.

Jesus Carrying the Cross on the Way to Calvary

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The…

"And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled away the stone, and sat upon it. His appearance was as lightning, and his raiment white as snow: and for fear of him the watchers did quake, and became as dead men." Matthew 28:2-4 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus emerging from his tomb. He hovers above the ground and appears to glow. He holds a banner in his left hand. An angel (left) holds the stone that once covered the entrance. Two soldiers lie on the ground, one covers his face and turns away. One soldier stands to Christ's left, leaning against a wall with his eyes closed.

The Resurrection of Jesus after the Angel Removed the Stone from the Tomb Entrance

"And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came…

"When she had thus said, she turned herself back, and beholdeth Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom seekest thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, saith unto him, Sir, if thou hast borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him away. Jesus saith unto her, Mary. She turneth herself, and saith unto him in Hebrew, Rabboni; which is to say, Teacher. Jesus saith to her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended unto the Father: but go unto my brethren, and say to them, I ascend unto my Father and your Father, and my God and your God." John 20:14-17 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene outside of his tomb as an angel sits nearby, watching. Jesus holds the cross-banner in his left hand and Mary kneels on his right. A jar sits on the ground. A fence is in the background.

Jesus Appears to Mary Magdalene Outside the Tomb

"When she had thus said, she turned herself back, and beholdeth Jesus standing, and knew not that it…

A group of Franks, mainly men with a couple of women and children, cross the Rhine River on a wooden raft. Two men strain at the large oars on the front and another can be seen working an oar in the back. Several men have spears and two are pointing into the distance in front of them. Another raft can be seen just behind them (right), while a third is shown far away in the distance. Large cliffs rise in the background. The Romans were resettling the Franks near to their borders so they could be controlled.

Franks Crossing the Rhine to Establish Themselves on the West Bank as Allies of Rome

A group of Franks, mainly men with a couple of women and children, cross the Rhine River on a wooden…

An illustration of the coat of arms of the Holy See with a crosier, processional cross, and some decorative foliage in the background.The coat of arms includes the crossed Keys of Heaven underneath the papal tiara.

The Holy See Coat of Arms with Crosier, Processional Cross, and Decorative Foliage

An illustration of the coat of arms of the Holy See with a crosier, processional cross, and some decorative…

"How art thou fallen from heaven, O day-star, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, that didst lay low the nations!" Isaiah 14:12 ASV
<p>Illustration of Lucifer, Satan, falling from heaven, clinging to a rock. Michael, the archangel, hovers over him with a spear pointed downward, wings unfurled. He carries a shield with the cross on it. Four other angels, with swords or spears, hover behind Michael, fighting the fallen angels. Two angels fall into the abyss with Lucifer.

Lucifer's Fall from Heaven - Michael and Other Angels Fight Against the Vanquished Angels

"How art thou fallen from heaven, O day-star, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground,…

"And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jonah: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father who is in heaven." Matthew 16:16-17 ASV
<p>Illustration of Peter kneeling before Jesus. Jesus is telling Peter that he will build his church upon Peter and Peter will have the keys to heaven. Jesus is handing Peter a key with a cross on it. Six other disciples are standing to the side, watching. The dome of St. Peter's Basilica glows in the distant background. This scene is commonly referred to as the Confession of Peter.

Peter Publicly Professes that Jesus is Christ, the Son of God

"And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answered…

"39 And he went forward a little, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass away from me: nevertheless, not as I will, but as thou wilt. And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them sleeping, and saith unto Peter, What, could ye not watch with me one hour?" Matthew 26:39-40 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus praying, on his knees, hands clasped, as an angel emerges from the clouds, carrying the cross. Peter, James, and John are sleeping nearby. Soldiers are marching out of the city gate, towards the garden, in the background.

Jesus Prays in the Garden of Gethsemane - Peter, James, and John Fall Asleep

"39 And he went forward a little, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, My Father, if it be possible,…

"And there followed him a great multitude of the people, and of women who bewailed and lamented him. But Jesus turning unto them said, Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children." Luke 23:27-28 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus carrying his cross. He is turned to the women who are weeping and following the procession. His arm is raised to them as he comforts them. A soldier walks before the cross and a soldier on horseback rides alongside. Simon takes the rope holding the cross and prepares to take the burden from Jesus. The walls of the city can be seen in the distance.

Jesus Carries His Cross and Comforts the Women Following Him

"And there followed him a great multitude of the people, and of women who bewailed and lamented him.…

"And with him they crucify two robbers; one on his right hand, and one on his left." Mark 15:27 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus on the cross with a robber on his left and right. Mary Magdalene is at Jesus' feet. Jesus' mother, Mary, stands at the foot of the cross with another woman. Soldiers cast lots for Jesus' clothing (left). A soldier with a spear stands beside the cross.

The Crucifixion of Jesus with Two Robbers

"And with him they crucify two robbers; one on his right hand, and one on his left." Mark 15:27 ASV…

"And after these things Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, asked of Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore, and took away his body.

39 And there came also Nicodemus, he who at the first came to him by night, bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds." John 19:38-39 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus lying on the ground as his mother, Mary, weeps over him. Joseph of Arimathaea is removing the crown of thorns and Nicodemus is mourning behind Jesus' head. Three other women are also on their knees, mourning Jesus' death. The ground is wet with Jesus' blood.

Jesus is Taken Down from the Cross and is Attended by Mary, Joseph of Arimathaea, and Nicodemus

"And after these things Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the…

"Now when he was risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons." Mark 16:9 ASV
<p>Illustration of Mary, fallen on her knees, at Jesus' feet as He rounds a corner and walks towards her. Two angels holding olive branches, sit behind her, at the entrance to the empty tomb. Rays of light emanate from Jesus' head. He is carrying the banner of the cross.

Jesus Appears to Mary Magdalene After His Resurrection

"Now when he was risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from…

Illustration of Peter being bound to an upside down cross. One man holds his upper body, while another man ties his ankles to the cross. A third man prepares to pierce Peter's feet with a large nail. Peter asked to be crucified upside down because he did not believe he was worthy of being crucified in the same manner as Jesus.

Peter Crucified on an Upside Down Cross

Illustration of Peter being bound to an upside down cross. One man holds his upper body, while another…

Illustration of Pope Leo, dressed in full papal costume and holding the primatial cross, approaches Attila the Hun. Several clergy follow behind Leo, one carrying the cross of Christ. Attila bows slightly. He is wearing a crown and carrying a sword. His army follows behind. The face of a horse is visible. God, carrying a sword, floats in a cloud over the scene.

Pope Leo the Great Approaches Attila, King of the Huns, on the Battlefield

Illustration of Pope Leo, dressed in full papal costume and holding the primatial cross, approaches…

Illustration of a monk, riding horseback, surrounded by other Crusaders. Two other monks are in the crowd. A woman kneels at the head of the group and raises her child up to see the soldiers. The monk on horseback holds a cross in his raised hand. Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade in 1095. The goal was to restore Christian access to holy places in and around Jerusalem.

The Crusades being Preached by a Monk on Horseback

Illustration of a monk, riding horseback, surrounded by other Crusaders. Two other monks are in the…

Illustration of the southern side of the Cathedral of Cologne. Construction on the cathedral was begun in 1248 and it was meant to be a place to hold the reliquary of the Three Kings. The cathedral was not completed until the 19th century. Its Gothic architecture is based largely on the Amiens Cathedral. From the view, the cathedral's enormous Germanic spires are visible.

A Southern View of the Cathedral of Cologne in Germany

Illustration of the southern side of the Cathedral of Cologne. Construction on the cathedral was begun…

Illustration of Saint Francis of Xavier preaching to the Portuguese at Goa. Several men and women are gathered around Xavier. A child examines his robe. Xavier is showing one man the crucifix. There is a ship approaching in the background.

Saint Francis Xavier on the Coast at the Portuguese Settlement of Goa

Illustration of Saint Francis of Xavier preaching to the Portuguese at Goa. Several men and women are…

This illustration includes numerous types of saws: a. Circular saw (right-hand and left-hand saws have the teeth running opposite directions); b. section of circular saw showing flange at c; d. concave saw; e. circular saw with inserted teeth; f. mill-saw; g. ice-saw; h. cross-cut saw; i. band-saw; j. rip-saw; k. hand-saw; l. panel-saw; m. pruning-saw; n. whip-saw; o. wood-saw; p. keyhole or compass-saw; q. back-saw; r. bow-back butchers' saw.

Collection of Saws

This illustration includes numerous types of saws: a. Circular saw (right-hand and left-hand saws have…

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding through the hull of a vessel at the stern. It consists of a number of spiral metal blades either cast together in one piece or bolted to a hub. Side elevation." —Whitney, 1889

Screw Propeller, Side Elevation

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding…

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding through the hull of a vessel at the stern. It consists of a number of spiral metal blades either cast together in one piece or bolted to a hub. A. sectional elevation, the section being through shaft and hub, showing method of attaching blades h by bolts i." —Whitney, 1889

Screw Propeller, Sectional Elevation

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding…

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding through the hull of a vessel at the stern. It consists of a number of spiral metal blades either cast together in one piece or bolted to a hub... C, cross section of blade, on larger scale." -Whitney, 1889

Screw Propeller, Cross Section of a Blade

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding…

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding through the hull of a vessel at the stern. It consists of a number of spiral metal blades either cast together in one piece or bolted to a hub... D, diagrammatic view of hull of a screw propeller ship, in which k shows position of boilers; l, the engines; f, propeller shaft; e, thrust block; g, propeller." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Screw Propeller Ship, Diagrammatic View of the Hull

"A propeller acting on the principle of the screw, attached to the exterior end of a shaft protruding…

The coin (front) bears the image of the Virgin Mary receiving Gabriel's salutation. The back of the coin is decorated with a Christian cross. It was issued by Charles VI of France and by Henry V and Henry VI of England. It weighs approximately 54 grains.

Salute, a Golden Coin (Reverse)

The coin (front) bears the image of the Virgin Mary receiving Gabriel's salutation. The back of the…

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil, and other matters; a public drain. A, B, C, D, E forms used in London, Paris, and other European cities; F, G, H, I, J, K, L, special forms used in New York and other American cities. F shows a method of repairing with tiles at the bottom of an oval sewer. G, tile-bottomed sewer. H, barrel sewer...of wood bound with iron. I, a form used for large sewers. J, section of pipe sewer. K, half section of sewer having section similar to B, but also provided with a spandrel. L, the aqueduct form, used for large sewers only, it rests on a bed of concrete." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Collection of Sewer Cross-Sections

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil,…

Illustration including one large shield from the first half of the 13th century, bearing a decorative cross. It also includes two men having a sword fight. The man on the left is wearing a shield from the close of the 14th century, while the man on the right uses a shield from the close of the 13th century. The man on the right is on horseback. Both men have their swords raised and are wearing full armor.

Medieval Shields from the 13th and 14th Centuries

Illustration including one large shield from the first half of the 13th century, bearing a decorative…

"A tool for digging and cutting the ground, having a rather thick iron blade, usually flat, so formed that its terminal edge (either straight or curved) may be pressed into the ground or other resisting substance with one foot, and a handle, usually with a crosspiece at the top, to be grasped by both hands... a, Irish spade with foot-piece; b, Greek spade with foot-piece; c, Japanese spade; d, spade for cutting turf; e, ditching spades; f, post-spade for digging post-holes; g, polished drain-spade with foot-piece; h, long-handled garden spade; i, ditching-spade." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spades - a Collection of Various Types

"A tool for digging and cutting the ground, having a rather thick iron blade, usually flat, so formed…

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The place of a skull, which is called in Hebrew, Golgotha..." John 19:17 ASV
<p>Illustration of Jesus on his hands and knees with the cross on his back. A soldier is standing over him with a whip raised over his head. Simon of Cyrene is in the process of taking the cross from Jesus. Women have fallen on their knees in front of Jesus.

Jesus Falls While Carrying His Cross

"They took Jesus therefore: and he went out, bearing the cross for himself, unto the place called The…

"this man went to Pilate, and asked for the body of Jesus. And he took it down, and wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid him in a tomb that was hewn in stone, where never man had yet lain." Luke 23:52-53 ASV
<p>Illustration of John, Nicodemus, Mary Magdalene, the Virgin Mary, and Joseph of Arimathea placing the body of Jesus into an open tomb.

The Body of Jesus is Placed in a Tomb

"this man went to Pilate, and asked for the body of Jesus. And he took it down, and wrapped it in a…

Illustration of Saint John the Evangelist sitting on a rock with a writing tablet in his lap. He is writing on the tablet. An eagle, often associated with John, is perched on the ground next to him. A tall staff with a cross at the top is leaning against a rock in the background.

Saint John the Evangelist Writing

Illustration of Saint John the Evangelist sitting on a rock with a writing tablet in his lap. He is…

A border with various illustrations from the Passion of Christ, including carrying the cross, washing the disciples' feet, and being laid in a tomb. A man, presumably Luke, who is often portrayed holding a book, is standing on the left side of the border holding a quill and book. The Blessed Virgin Mary is standing on the right side of the border with her arms folded on her chest. This illustration appears at the beginning of the book of Acts in a Martin Luther translation of the New Testament.

Border Illustrating the Passion of Christ

A border with various illustrations from the Passion of Christ, including carrying the cross, washing…