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A gas holder is a metallic shell which is open at the bottom (like a bell), the lower edge of which dips into a deep tank of water in order to prevent the contained gas from escaping. The framework may be either of steel or timber -- the latter being preferred for the largest holders. This illustration shows a partial section of a typical large American gas holder. It is a 5,000,000 cubic foot holder in New York City.

Partial Section of Typical Large American Gas Holder

A gas holder is a metallic shell which is open at the bottom (like a bell), the lower edge of which…

A genus of hardy plants, Gentians belong to the order Gentianaceae. They have a bitter taste, and one species, G. lutea, is largely used as a bitter tonic in medicine. Gentians are not easy plants to establish in a garden, on account of their need of root moisture and their dislike of root disturbance. It is best to raise them from seed, although slow to germinate. The most commonly cultivated Gentian is the Alpine G. acaulis, with large, deep-blue flowers on a dwarfed plant.

Gentian

A genus of hardy plants, Gentians belong to the order Gentianaceae. They have a bitter taste, and one…

Also known as Sea Milkwort, Glaux Maritima is a hardy perennial seashore plant belonging to the order Primulaceæ. It is a common European plant with glaucous leaves and pink flowers in summer. This illustration shows the plant itself, as well as a flower (1) and a calyx (2) laid open.

Glaux Maritima

Also known as Sea Milkwort, Glaux Maritima is a hardy perennial seashore plant belonging to the order…

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are passed onto the breaker card, where they are reduced in length, finely divided, thoroughly mixed, cleared of impurities, and laid in parallel order. The chief features of the card are a cylinder about four feet in diameter covered with wooden staves filled with steel teeth, and around this cylinder a number of smaller cylinders, known as strippers and workers, also covered with steel teeth. The jute fibers are carried around the large cylinder, being finely divided by the workers and strippers in their course. A doffer roller then strips the elongated lap from the main cylinder and sends it down a broad channel, which compresses it to a strand or sliver about four inches wide. Twelve of these slivers are then fed into the finisher card, which is similar to the breaker, but has finer teeth, and are drawn out into a finer, smoother strand.

Carding Process in the Manufacuring of Jute

After the softening process in the manufacturing of jute, the fibers are about six feet long, and are…

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order 'Aponogetonaceæ'. The older leaves are of open structure, are nearly a foot long, oblong in shape, and float just below the surface of the water. The flowers are born in spikes in the surface. The roots of the plant are used as an article of food by the natives of Madagascar, where it is indigenous. (1. Part of Flower Spike)

Lattice Leaf

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order…

The Cross of the Legion of Honor is a decoration composed of a star of five double rays, with a wreath of oak and laurel. On the obverse appears the female head personifying France, and the words, 'République Française'; on the reverse, two tricolors, and the motto, 'Honneur et Patrie'. The Legion of Honor is a French order of merit, created in 1802 by Napoleon, when first consul, with the view of specially marking exploits and services in the military and civil departments. Napoleon himself was first grandmaster.

Cross of the Legion of Honor

The Cross of the Legion of Honor is a decoration composed of a star of five double rays, with a wreath…

Typical forms of Chrysalis, the pupae of many Lepidoptera, an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies.

Chrysalis

Typical forms of Chrysalis, the pupae of many Lepidoptera, an order of insects that includes moths and…

Composite, or compound flowers, make up the largest botanical order. 1, Capitulum of dandelion.

Composite

Composite, or compound flowers, make up the largest botanical order. 1, Capitulum of dandelion.

Copepoda, an order of Crustacea. A, cyclops quiadricornis; b, c, d, stages of growth in larvae.

Copepoda

Copepoda, an order of Crustacea. A, cyclops quiadricornis; b, c, d, stages of growth in larvae.

Copepoda, an order of crustaceans. e, Calligus Mulleri, or horseshoe crab.

Crustacean

Copepoda, an order of crustaceans. e, Calligus Mulleri, or horseshoe crab.

A great blue heron, commonly found in tropical areas like Florida. They belong to the order Grallatores, tribe Cultrirostres, and family Ardeida, which also includes spoonbills, storks, boatbills, night-herons, bitterns, adjutants, and ibises.

Heron

A great blue heron, commonly found in tropical areas like Florida. They belong to the order Grallatores,…

Gunboats in the James River off the Virginia coast. Gunboats were boats used for carrying one or more guns in order to bombard coastal targets.

Gunboats

Gunboats in the James River off the Virginia coast. Gunboats were boats used for carrying one or more…

Group of workers inspecting small parts under lamps. They are seated on high stools with backs.

Bench Inspectors

Group of workers inspecting small parts under lamps. They are seated on high stools with backs.

Inspecting bolt with length gage.

Length Gage

Inspecting bolt with length gage.

Universal dial test indicator used to take fine measurements during inspections of parts.

Test Indicator

Universal dial test indicator used to take fine measurements during inspections of parts.

Adjustable thread limit snap gage. A snap gage is a form of Go/no go gauge. It is a limit gage with permanently or temporarily fixed measurement aperture(s) (gaps) which is used to quickly verify whether an outside dimension of a part matches a preset dimension or falls within predefined tolerances.

Snap Gage

Adjustable thread limit snap gage. A snap gage is a form of Go/no go gauge. It is a limit gage with…

Dial test indicator for checking the height of objects.

Test Indicator

Dial test indicator for checking the height of objects.

Bench centers are used to check concentrically, parallelism and true rotations of manufactured products.

Bench Centers

Bench centers are used to check concentrically, parallelism and true rotations of manufactured products.

Inspecting small parts with "go" and "no-go" gauges.

Go No Go Gauge

Inspecting small parts with "go" and "no-go" gauges.

Testing adjustable limit snap gauge with combination gauge blocks.

Snap Gauge

Testing adjustable limit snap gauge with combination gauge blocks.

Measuring thin work with dial gauge A attached to a special, inclined stand B for quick reading. The needle of indicator C is set at zero when measuring paint D is in contact with the face of the stand. To gauge work, raise point D by lever E. Place work F under the spindle and lower point to work by releasing lever E. The reading on the dial gives the exact thickness of the disk.

Dial Gauge Used for Measuring Work

Measuring thin work with dial gauge A attached to a special, inclined stand B for quick reading. The…

Testing thickness of flanges with universal dial indicator. The indicator A clamped to rod B is set for measuring the error of work C. With the contact point D touching a standard gauge black or standard piece of work, the needle is set to zero. When the work in moved beneath the gauge, the needle shows the amount of oversize or undersize.

Testing Thickness

Testing thickness of flanges with universal dial indicator. The indicator A clamped to rod B is set…

Gaging work with prestometer or fluid gage.

Gauging Work

Gaging work with prestometer or fluid gage.

Inspecting with micrometer caliper.

Inspecting Caliper

Inspecting with micrometer caliper.

Testing center distance with vernier and plug gages.

Plug Gages

Testing center distance with vernier and plug gages.

A worker testing taper with special gage.

Testing Taper

A worker testing taper with special gage.

Testing shoulder distance with tail gage.

Tail Gage

Testing shoulder distance with tail gage.

Testing "go" end of a limit plug gauge.

Plug Gauge

Testing "go" end of a limit plug gauge.

Inspecting small parts with gauges fastened to bench.

Inspecting Small Parts

Inspecting small parts with gauges fastened to bench.

A diagram showing the order of the universe as expounded by Ptolemy. Its basic concept surmises that the Earth is the center of our universe. This diagram was widely accepted as fact for fourteen centuries until it was discredited.

Spheres of the Ptolemaic System

A diagram showing the order of the universe as expounded by Ptolemy. Its basic concept surmises that…

"And when Jesus heard it, he said unto him, One thing thou lackest yet: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me." Luke 18:22 ASV <p>Illustration of the rich man walking away after Jesus told him that in order to go to heaven he has to sell everything, give to the poor, and follow Jesus. Jesus sits under a curtained window and is looking at a man kneeling next to him. There is another man sitting on a low wall and a man standing nearby with a staff. The rich man can be identified by his decorated robe. He looks downcast as he walks away.

Jesus Tells the Rich Man to Sell All of His Possessions, Give to the Poor, and Follow Him

"And when Jesus heard it, he said unto him, One thing thou lackest yet: sell all that thou hast, and…

Illustration of Paul, kneeling on one knee in the city streets, head bowed, awaiting execution. A man in a short tunic and head wrap is raising his sword above Paul's head. A man in a robe stands nearby with his hand over his mouth. Another man stands in the background, holding a scroll and a staff. Two soldiers are standing in the background.

Paul is Beheaded at Rome by the Order of Emperor Nero

Illustration of Paul, kneeling on one knee in the city streets, head bowed, awaiting execution. A man…

<i>Sansevieria Zeylanica</i> is the Latin name, but this plant is also called a Mother-in-law's Tongue. "A genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order of <i>Haemodoraceae</i> and tribe <i>Ophiopogoneae</i>. It is characterized by a long and slender perianth-tube, six filiform filaments, and a free ovary, fixed by a broad base, containing three cells and three erect ovules." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Snake Plant

Sansevieria Zeylanica is the Latin name, but this plant is also called a Mother-in-law's Tongue. "A…

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately parallel. The order in which the rope passes round the pulleys consecutively is shown by the figures in the cut. Named after the engineer who invented it." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Pulleys - Smeaton's Blocks

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately…

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground, by sinking a plummet or lead attached to a line on which is marked the number of fathoms...a, rod with horns b pivoted thereto; c, sounding-line; d, wires by which the lead e is attached to the horns, connected with a washer f under the lead; h, opening in lower end of rod, by which specimens of the bottom may be secured. When the rod strikes the bottom, the lead slides downward, bringing the horns into the position shown in B, and releasing the wires d and the lead; the rod only is then drawn up, leaving the lead at the bottom." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Brooke's Deep Sea Sounding Apparatus

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground,…

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground, by sinking a plummet or lead attached to a line on which is marked the number of fathoms...a, lead; b, counterpoised hooks which engage the loop at the top of the lead; d, wedge-shaped cup for specimens, attached by cord or wire to the pivot of the hooks; e, attachment for the sounding-line or wire. When the cup d touches bottom, the hooks b drop into the position show in E; the sinker or lead then drops over, releasing the cup, and this, with its specimen and the hooks, is drawn to the surface." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

British Navy Sounding Apparatus

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground,…

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground, by sinking a plummet or lead attached to a line on which is marked the number of fathoms...a and b, arms pivoted to c; d, lead, which is attached to a stem at the top of which is a crosspiece. When the arms are raised into the position shown in A, the crosspiece engages them and holds them in that position till the lead strikes the bottom; they are then released, and fall into the position show in B. The cups (shown in the cuts), on closing, scoop up a specimen of the bottom." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Taselli's Sounding Apparatus with Cups Opened and Closed

"To measure the depth of; fathom; try or test, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground,…