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"A. natural size; B. two of the sacs with colored vesicles and spicules which lie in the investing protoplasm, magnified." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>A colonial radiolarian possessing siliceous spicules.

Sphærozoum Punctatum

"A. natural size; B. two of the sacs with colored vesicles and spicules which lie in the investing protoplasm,…

<i>Latrodectus mactans</i>. Spiders are "dimerosomatous - that is, have the body divided into two principal regions, the cephalothorax, or head and chest together, and the abdomen, which is generally tumid or globose...In those species which are poisonous the falces are traversed by the duct of a venom-gland." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Female Black Widow Spider with a View of the Under Side of the Abdomen

Latrodectus mactans. Spiders are "dimerosomatous - that is, have the body divided into two principal…

<i>Arachnothera magna</i>. Also called a spider-catcher, the Streaked Spiderhunter is "a bird that catches spiders...They are small creeper-like birds with long bills, and belong to the family <i>Nectariniidae</i>." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>A bird with a long, pointed, thin beak, sitting on a branch.

Streaked Spiderhunter

Arachnothera magna. Also called a spider-catcher, the Streaked Spiderhunter is "a bird that catches…

<i>Inachus dorsettensis</i>. "A spider-like crab, or sea-spider, with long slender legs and comparatively small triangular body. The name is given to many such crabs, of different families, but especially to the maioids, or crabs of the family <i>Maiidae</i>..." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of a male Scorpion Spider Crab.

Scorpion Spider Crab

Inachus dorsettensis. "A spider-like crab, or sea-spider, with long slender legs and comparatively small…

<i>Tradescantia virginica</i>. "It is a native of the central and southern United States, and was early introduced into European gardens. The petals are very delicate and ephemeral; in the wild plant they are bllue, in cultivation variable in color, often reddish-violet." -Whitney, 1889 <p>1. Illustration of the inflorescence, complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers, of spiderwort. 2. Illustration of the lower part of the stem and the root of the Spiderwort.

Spiderwort Inflorescence

Tradescantia virginica. "It is a native of the central and southern United States, and was early introduced…

<i>Plantago major</i>. "...a flower cluster or form of inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile (or apparently so) along an elongated, unbranched common axis, as in the well-known mullen and plantain." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of a spike from a Broadleaf Plantain.

Broadleaf Plantain - Spike

Plantago major. "...a flower cluster or form of inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile (or apparently…

"An apparatus for extracting spikes, as from a rail. a, rail; b, spike to be extracted; c, fulcrum-piece hooked over the rail and supported on the sleeper d; e, claw-lever, with a heel shown in dotted outline, which is passed through a slot in the fulcrum-piece." —Whitney, 1889

Spike Extractor

"An apparatus for extracting spikes, as from a rail. a, rail; b, spike to be extracted; c, fulcrum-piece…

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are chisel-pointed, and have a head or fang projecting to one side to bite the rail. Spikes are also made split, barbed, grooved, and of other shapes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of a dock spike, used in building docks and piers.

Dock Spike

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are…

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are chisel-pointed, and have a head or fang projecting to one side to bite the rail. Spikes are also made split, barbed, grooved, and of other shapes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of cut spike, also called a large cut nail.

Cut Spike

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are…

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are chisel-pointed, and have a head or fang projecting to one side to bite the rail. Spikes are also made split, barbed, grooved, and of other shapes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of two railway spikes, used to fasten the rails to sleepers.

Railway Spikes

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are…

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are chisel-pointed, and have a head or fang projecting to one side to bite the rail. Spikes are also made split, barbed, grooved, and of other shapes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of a barbed spike.

Barbed Spike

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are…

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are chisel-pointed, and have a head or fang projecting to one side to bite the rail. Spikes are also made split, barbed, grooved, and of other shapes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of a spike that is both barbed and forked.

Barbed and Forked Spike

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are…

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are chisel-pointed, and have a head or fang projecting to one side to bite the rail. Spikes are also made split, barbed, grooved, and of other shapes." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of two forked spikes. When driven into wood, the points spread and hook into the wood.

Forked Spikes

"A large nail or pin, generally of iron. The larger forms of spikes, particularly railroad spikes, are…

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is driven by foot or by hand...a, bench; b, b1, standards; c, driving band-wheel with flat rim, turned by the peg k held in the right hand of the spinner; d, cord-band, crossed at e and driving the speed-pulley f; g, cord-band imparting motion to the spindle h; i, thread in process of spinning." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spinning Wheel for Wool

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is…

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is driven by foot or by hand...a, bench or stool; b, standards; c, driving band wheel grooved in its perimeter; d, treadle; e, rod which connects treadle with crank; f, cord-band which drives the flier-spindle; g, flier; h, distaff upon which the flax to be spun is placed, and which in use is held in the left hand of the operator." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spinning Wheel for Flax

"A machine for spinning flax into threads by hand. It consists of a wheel, band, and spindle, and is…

"A form of balance in which the weight of the body under examination is measured by the stretching (torsion) of an elastic wire in the form of a long spiral. A common use of the simple form of spiral balance is in determining the specific gravity of small fragments of minerals, which for this purpose are weighed first in the upper pan and then in that below, which is immersed in water." —Whitney, 1889

Spiral Balance

"A form of balance in which the weight of the body under examination is measured by the stretching (torsion)…

<i>Ecballium elaterium</i>. "A vessel which is usually long, with fusiform extremities, and has the walls thickened in a spiral manner with one or more simple simple or branched bands or fibers. In most cases the direction of the spiral is from right to left, but it frequently happens that the earlier formed spirals run in one direction, while those formed later run in an opposite direction." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spiral Vessels or Ducts of the Squirting Cucumber

Ecballium elaterium. "A vessel which is usually long, with fusiform extremities, and has the walls thickened…

Also called a parabolic spiral, it is a type of Archimedean Spiral. A spiral is defined as "a plane curve which runs continuously round and round, a fixed point, called the center, with constantly increasing radius vector, so that the latter is never normal to the curve; also, a part of such a curve in the course of which the radius from the center describes 360 degrees." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Fermat's Spiral

Also called a parabolic spiral, it is a type of Archimedean Spiral. A spiral is defined as "a plane…

Illustration of a spire of the Senlis Cathedral in France, early 13th century. It is "one of the earliest of fully developed spires, and is admired for the purity and elegance of its design." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spire from the Senlis Cathedral

Illustration of a spire of the Senlis Cathedral in France, early 13th century. It is "one of the earliest…

Illustration of magnified <i>Spirochaeta obermeieri</i>. This genus of bacteria have "the cells united in long slender threads which usually show narrow spiral windings. The filaments have the liveliest movements, and clearly propel themselves forward and back, but are also able to bend in various ways...<i>S. obermeieri</i> is found in the blood of those sick with recurrent fever, is the cause of the disease." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spirochaeta Obermeieri, Bacteria

Illustration of magnified Spirochaeta obermeieri. This genus of bacteria have "the cells united in long…

"A contrivance for measuring the extreme differential capacity of the human lungs. The instrument most commonly employed consists on an inverted chamber submerged in a water bath. The breath is conducted by a flexible pipe and internal tube so as to collect in the chamber, which rises in the water, and is fitted with an index which marks the cubic inches of air expired after a forced inspiration...a, is a small gas-holder containing an inverted vessel a'; b, index which shows on the scale c the number of cubic inches expired; d, manometer, which, when a' is held down, shows the pressure which the lungs can exert; e, plug-vent for outlet of the expired air; f, cock for outlet of water; g, tube through which the expiration is made." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spirometer

"A contrivance for measuring the extreme differential capacity of the human lungs. The instrument most…

"An iron rack, formerly used, on which a spit was hung before a fire. A common form was that of a pair of tall andirons fitted with hooks to support the ends of the spit." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of meat being cooked over a fire.

Spit Rack

"An iron rack, formerly used, on which a spit was hung before a fire. A common form was that of a pair…

<i>Deilephila lineata</i>"...a common American moth of striking coloration, whose larva feeds on purslane." —Whitney, 1889 <p>A large moth with white and black stripes. This illustration displays the whole moth whereas the left wings are omitted as in original illustration.

White-Lined Morning Sphinx

Deilephila lineata"...a common American moth of striking coloration, whose larva feeds on purslane."…